¹

"outstanding counterfeit...throughout history": See also Reference Section A for historical highlights.

²

"counterfeiting are much higher": See also Reference Section B, which quotes from agency statistics that provide a good overview of the magnitude of domestic and foreign counterfeiting.

³

"associated with bootleg": Reference Section C defines the precise distinctions which can be made between the terms "counterfeit", "pirated", and "bootleg". The main text uses these terms interchangeably, for the most part.

⁴

"(...improve quality)": Specifications for CD and DVD are briefly summarized in Reference Section D.

⁵

"sales of studio-quality...etc.": Data will always be vulnerable at the digital-to-analog conversion - either going into or coming out of the output device. Note that when special-effects houses remove guywires from a shot or do other computer graphics,the image is normally transferred back to film from expensive, high-end monitors. (Only Kodak's Cineon burns the final image straight onto film negative.) It may be pointed out that the use of encryption schemes for data authentication may be especially valuable here, since the naked image cannot be completely protected.

⁶

"identifiers...on genuine merchandise": For example, use of heavier paper stock, sharply-defined printing with robust color, top-quality shrink-wrapping, the presence of security seals or authentication stickers, symmetrically-trimmed labels, if tape then its length should not exceed program-length to a standard 60/90/120-minute blank size, special coding should match producer specs, presence of accompanying materials such as COA - Certificate of Authenticity.

⁷

"experts in the field": The term "encryption" has picked up a colloquial meaning of anything that alters a data stream of any kind and can then be reversed at some later stage before analog display. This is not accurate. For one thing, digital encryption and analog scrambling techniques are crucially distinct from one another (as are the formats themselves). Encryption correctly refers to digital encoding techniques of the sort historically applied in wartime cryptography. While both analog unscrambling and digital decryption were used in World War II, the latter represented one of the first uses of computers.

⁸

"too much trouble and expense to break": Of course eventual obsolescence is inevitable, which is why great emphasis is now being placed on dynamic, renewable security. (See also discussion in Section 6.)

⁹

"Video CD players in the Asian market": Also note the following excerpt from a 11/29/95 MPAA press release: Testifying before the Senate Subcomittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Motion Picture Association President Jack Valenti told Members of the U.S. Senate that...the biggest piracy problems in China trace to the CD plants which continue to produce illegal product, in particular video CDs of American films. "Since February," said Valenti, "the overall illegal production of these plants has actually increased, largely because of this new illegal Video Compact Disc production."