Another ubiquitous European tradition in early America that found its way into the mountain region was Protestant Psalm singing. The earliest technique used, known as lining out, consisted of a leader singing a line of the psalm which was then repeated by the congregation. ⁽⁵⁾ The psalms were, of course, taken from the Bible, although the lines were truncated to conform to an 8, 6, 8, 6 syllable pattern. The tunes used, tunes with names such as Windsor or Lichfield, were not linked to any particular psalm, but existed independently and could be adapted to any truncated psalm. The congregation knew all the psalms as well as the tunes and could easily fall in behind the leader. The tradition goes back to early colonial times. Puritans in New England, not a group that one would normally associate with singing, sang psalms in this fashion. The first book published in the English colonies in North America was the Bay Psalm Book in Boston, Massachusetts, 1640. ⁽⁶⁾ African servants in this region of America were often treated paternalistically, as junior members of the family, and were included in this psalm singing. ⁽⁷⁾ Thus, this European musical tradition was passed to the Africans.