The Graben:. Gravitophoton Field Propulsion Primer

This primer is currently in development, if you see any errors or need me to expand on something, feel free to send me an email.

Development:

Burkard Heim was a German theoretical physicist who spent a large portion of his life in seclusion developing a Unified Field Theory. A Unified Field Theory is one that would successfully unite all of the known fundamental forces commonly known as the Strong Force, Weak Force, Electromagnetic Force, and Gravity. Theoretically this should be possible, because in 1979

Weinberg, Salam, and Glashow won the Nobel Prize for successfully uniting the Electromagnetic and Weak forces into the theory known as the Electro-weak Theory, so it should follow that the other forces could be united as well. Experimental verification came in 1983 with the discovery of the W and Z Bosons. Since the development of the Electro-weak Theory, scientists have been trying to unite the electro-weak force with the strong force. Although not proven yet, a number of variations of quantum theory claim to have successively united these forces at high energy levels, but inconsistencies arise when they try incorporate gravity. Instead of following mainstream science, Heim thought that by expanding upon Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, he could develop the general form of his unified field theory by rewriting Einstein’s equations in a quantum mechanical framework. He thought that relating the electromagnetic force to gravity would be the key to his unified field theory and that the other forces would be related similarly. So, Heim set out to unite the Electromagnetic force and Gravity using geometric transformations, similar to Gauge theory.

Since Heim’s theory is an extension of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, it is based on four general principles, the geometrization principle, the optimization principle, the dualization principle, and the quantization principle. The geometrization principle was introduced by Einstein to describe gravity as an effect of the geometry of spacetime. Heim believed that this concept could be extended to all other physical forces by deriving the equations of general relativity in a higher dimensional space. The optimization principle states that spacetime is a multidimensional manifold with nonzero connection coefficients and not flat as previously believed. From the dualization principle, Heim deduced that since there are dualistic internal symmetries in nature, there should be additional internal symmetries in space, thus resulting in a higher dimensional internal space. The quantization principle states that spacetime can be quantized or reduced to small elemental surfaces which Heim called metrons. Heim concluded through derivation that the size of a metron is defined by the formula below and its size is time dependent such that its maximum size occurred at the quantized bang event, Heim didn't subscribe to the mainstream idea of the Big Bang, and has continued to decrease since then. Heim theorized that when the metron reached the Planck length, a phase transition occurred that led to the generation of particles having a Planck mass and thus allowed for the creation of matter. The current size of a metron is calculated to be approximately 6.15x10^-70 m².

Using the principles stated above Heim believed that since gravity was a consequence of the geometry of spacetime; all other physical forces are also a consequence of the geometry of a higher dimensional space. By expanding the equations of general relativity into this quantized higher dimensional space, Heim derived a set of eigenvalue equations in which the eiganvalues were equivalent to the masses of particles. This allowed Heim to derive a mass formula that spanned the spectrum of known particles and predicted the existence of unknown particles. Surprisingly, Heim’s mass formula was able to calculate particle masses far more accurately than what other mainstream theories could. As a result of this eigenvalue equation, Heim concluded that like gravity, mass is indeed a consequence of the geometry of a higher dimensional internal space. Below is a version of Heim's mass formula and for comparison, a table listing particles, their calculated mass, and their measured mass.

Expanding on this conclusion, Heim eventually was able to unite gravity with electromagnetism using a 6 dimensional internal space. Expanding it further by using an 8 dimensional internal space called Heim space, Heim was able to unite all four of the fundamental forces. Heim space is not a physical space, instead it is an internal space that governs events in spacetime and is used to make transformations between the curvilinear and Euclidean spacetime manifolds.

The additional imaginary trans-coordinates required for Heim space are known as the entelechial, aeonic, and informational coordinates. The entelechial coordinate represents a measure of quality of time varying organizational structure which can be thought of as the inverse or dual nature of entropy. The aeonic coordinate represents a steering coordinate toward a dynamically stable state which describes how the universe naturally tends toward a stable state. The informational coordinates represent what Heim called information waves. These coordinates can then be combined using selection rules to create subspaces, but in order to describe a physical interaction, coordinates from subspaces S² or I² must be included. The subspaces can then be combined into what heim called a hermetry form that is a metric tensor associated with a physical interaction.

Combining the two new subspaces with the subspaces of real space and time, Heim constructed a metric-subspace in which 12 hermetry forms are derived. These 12 hermetry forms describe the four fundamental forces as well as predict two unknown interactions that are partial forms of the photon and quintessence potential. These new interactions allow for the conversion of photons into gravitophotons and the conversion of gravitophotons and gravitons into quintessence particles. From this set of physical interactions, heim derived a poly-metric that is derived from the continuous transformation from Euclidian space to Heim space to curvilinear space to real space. This poly-metric tensor can be used to define all physical interactions.

When Heim derived the metric tensor equations for photon field, he realized that the photon field actually contains the metric of the electromagnetic and gravitophoton fields. So, mathematically the conversion between the two fields was finally possible, but this conversion was only possible through a transition operator that caused photon-gravitophoton interaction. Because it was mathematically possible, Heim believed that there was a corresponding physical mechanism responsible for the conversion of photons into gravitophotons. He postulated that the physical mechanism was similar to the concept of vacuum polarization from quantum electrodynamics. Heim then derived two equations that described the conversion of photons into gravitophotons.

The first equation describes the production of gravitophoton particles from photons with respect to a conversion potential. The second equation describes the screening of the charge of a nucleus by vacuum polarization through virtual electron-positron pair production. Combining these two equations reveals that an electromagnetic potential with a probability amplitude Aw_ph can be converted into a gravitophoton potential with the associated probability amplitude Nw_gp. The number of gravitophotons emitted are then proportional to the number of virtual electrons , which directly depend on the difference of the coupling amplitudes.

Although Heim continued to develop his quantum theory, his interest in propulsion systems lead him to figure out how to incorporate this new gravitophoton field into an advanced propulsion system. Heim’s equations showed that when the conditions are just right, photons could be converted into gravitophoton pairs.

The attractive gravitophotons would interact with protons and neutrons and the repulsive gravitophotons would interact with electrons and gravitons. Because of the particles cross section of absorption, the interactions could result in a net force on material objects. Gravitophotons are absorbed by the protons which have a large absorption cross section as compared to electrons. The absorption cross section of a proton is larger by a factor of m_p/m_e. Thus even though gravitophotons will be absorbed by electrons, the force generated is significantly smaller and thus can be neglected. This force is currently known as the Heim Lorentz force and is calculated by the simplified formula:

Heim postulated that by rotating a superconducting ring in a strong magnetic he could create the virtual electrons needed to initiate gravitophoton pair production once all the theoretical conditions are satisfied. The theoretical experimental set up is shown above with a diagram showing the interactions. Once this occurs the gravitophotons will interact with the protons and neutrons in the disc and the ring will experience a gravitational like force. In a laboratory experiment the ring could be accelerated at 1g to counteract gravity and float some distance above the magnet. Sensitive accelerometers can be placed around the test chamber to measure the gravitational field at varying distances from the ring. A similar experiment was carried out by the ESA and Air Force Office of Research, resulting in the measurement of the gravitational equivalent of a electric field. The initial findings were published in a paper entitled "Experimental Detection of the Gravitomagnetic London Moment."

If the magnet and ring were somehow attached to a vehicle and properly scaled, the gravitational like force generated could then be used to accelerate the vehicle. The gravitophoton field can be either repulsive or attractive and can be used to accelerate a material body as well as reduce its inertial mass. The only energy required would be that needed to accelerate the ring and generate the magnetic field. Theoretically, the gravitophotons would be produced from the vacuum of space, so there is no need to carry large quantities of propellants. The acceleration of such a craft would be limited by the rotational velocity of the disc and the strength of the magnetic field, so theoretically a craft could have an unlimited acceleration.

This is about as far as Heim took his theory with respect to propulsion, he then concentrated on his quantum theory and mass formula. Later on the theoretical propulsion system was revived and extended by Walter Dröscher and Jochem Häuser to include a propulsion scheme that allows for superluminal velocities.