The Journal of Isaac Kellogg Brownson son of Simeon and Debbe

 

I. K. Brownson, born July 1, 1810 Peterboro, NY, died Jan 28, 1899, Fayetteville, NY. Baptist Minister

Started June 1847, last entry July 1848

 

Transcribed from diaries given by Florence Brownson Hays to her great grandson Paul Reese. I.K. was a half uncle to my greatgrandmother.

The following text is created using Viavoice a voice recognition software. The process was complicated by difficulty reading the handwritten journal. Many corrections and the entry of names were done manually.

A question mark was placed after words that could not be read or inferred. Some misspellings were kept but may also have been inadvertently added during transcription.

Accompanied by his young son, Edward Payne, I.K. begins his journey in Ohio where he had been serving as a Baptist minister. The early journal entries are notable for their attention to detail of places traveled, weather and people visited. There is detailed attention to personal and church finance scattered throughout the journal. I. K. writes proudly of spending only one dollar during a week of his travels.

In the middle section I. K. dwells on his spiritual condition and that of the people he meets. His approval of the pious people in Ohio is matched by his impression that "Yorkers" have a "deficient religious fervor." At several points especially near the end he dwells on feelings of inadequacy and religious angst but also betrays loneliness as he briefly contemplates remarriage.

He briefly mentions his son Edward Payne Brownson in several places in the journal. He notes only when Edward is ill and that he is doing well in school. His wife, Esther Payne Brownson, died on January 25,1846.

There are several references to divided congregations in his early travels. I believe the unstated issue is abolition. Once in New York State he speaks forebodingly about attending a church in Peterboro, Madison Co. that is "abolition ... ‘to the back bone.’" During a meeting of the church in New York City he noted that no action was taken on this issue. It seems he approves of this position being more concerned with "spiritual" than temporal issues.

Consistent with his interest in other worldly concerns he rejects the averse of "Yorkers". Yet he speaks approvingly of agricultural prosperity in Cleveland.

Sadly for the purposes of genealogists and historians I. K. abbreviates many names. However, many are written in full accompanied by dates and places. I. K. published several religious tracts; however, this document was written for his personal use. The last pages list several marriages he performed including the fee he was paid. The diary is revealing in a few details but leaves us wanting to know more about this man.

This is a works in progress; I expect to make additional corrections as I find time to revisit the tedious task of deciphering I. K’s handwriting. Your comments and corrections are welcome. I would be please to add cross-references and or WEB links to related information. I hope to transcribe his journal from the years in Ohio.

Notes by Paul Reese

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Index to names and places.

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By Rev. I. K Brownson

 

Journal of Travel to New York State June 1847-

Hillsboro High(land) Co. O. June 1st, 1847.

Start tomorrow for new York with my little son Edward Payne Brownson (See photo of Edward as a young man), 2nd Wednesday started after dinner in my own carriage and rode down to Corninfield where I lodged at the house of Mrs. Campbell - After the necessary preparations for the journey Started onward and rode thru(sic) rain about 20 miles and lodged with Mr. Evans an old acquaintance - On Friday morning the rain was falling and detained us a while yet rode to Circleville to dinner - Had a pleasant little visit with Mr. King - then rode to Columbus 26 miles - making 36 for the day - Stopped at the Buckeys House.- An agreeable and cheap resting place for travelers. Here my night expenses

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were only $1.12. Saw the brethren at the office of the ?.?. Journal also ? Moore. Rode on Saturday to Sunbury 20 miles and stopped with Bro. G. Peek I was very cordially & agreeably entertained over the Sabbath. preached on Lord’s day to the brethren in the A.M. a small congregation - this meeting house still unfinished. On Monday I rode 24 miles to Mr. Vernon Know Co. Where i dined with Bro. Lothrop (?) - called a few moments upon Mrs. Dunmore(?) another friend - Br. B. The pastor seemed to be succeeding here very well - In the evening rode on 8 miles to the little village of Amity when i was hospitably entertained by Mr. Rigdow Wright - son of the deacon. Bill at the tavern 25 cents. Tuesday 8th rode to Loudonville to Dinner(?) - found only one Baptist so I dined at the hotel 30 cts charge. Thence I made my way on to Wooster. 34 miles from the starting point

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Here I found a very agreeable entertainment with Bro. S. B. Page the pastor of the Baptist Chh. We served beloved by his people and useful his wife doubtless is a help when indeed. Where also i made the acquaintance of our dear Br. E. West who has recently joined us from the Church of God. - On my way he directed to a dear Bro. Heyd on whom i called and lodged after a ride of 20 miles.- Here i had an example of Christian generosity and love in the country.- I had in the morning a ride of 32 miles before we to Cleveland - Started after waiting a while for the rain to cease. It proved very wet all day -rode 15 miles and arrived in a dirty town called Ballville- Hastening out in the rain to get away from so hateful society . rode 10 miles & stopped at a very pleasant inn 5 miles from C - Bill 87 5/10 cents During the night it rained heavily.-

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Friday morning, June 11th Rode into C - & stopped with my brother-in-law H. B. Payne Esq. Happy in finding them all in health. - business here never was so brisk as how money is plenty trade is large and apparently done up on a prime basis there fortunately. - The produce of this country is rapidly rising in value. - The crops are narrowly watched - but the prospects of harvest especially wheat crop is very unpromising. - wheat here now readily sells at 40$ per bushel. Flour $8. per Bbl. other grains corresponding in price. Everything well now commands a cash market.-

A melancholy catastrophe occurred down the lake two evenings ago. A steamer and schooner came into collision which resulted in sinking both after and some 10 or 12 lives were lost.- The names of some are given in the papers. - It is spoken of here with coolness as a thing inevitable a thing by the way

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and as both vessels were insured no serious thoughts need be wasted about it. A (?) shall this recklessness of human life terminate?"

Ferdonia, Chat. Co. June 19th Saturday last Lord's Day I spent in Cleveland attended church in the a.m. at Mr. Aikin's (Prespy.) afternoon heard a very interesting sermon from S. W. Adams the pastor on the past history and future ??? of the ???. at night to a young brother Pray(?) from Boston preached. I was recognized by the brethren and enjoyed a pleasant renewal of acquaintance with some in addition. On Monday the day was stormy and rough. Early on Tuesday started on my journey - rode 20 mi. stopped for dinner - at night reached my old friends Bro. Whitney's in Madison 40 miles. the country was beautiful and in high state to of cultivation. on my way past a six sessions of villages. Had a very pleasant visit both with the brother W's family & Bro., Sister Sackett of

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Kingsville, also Bro. Hartwell teacher of the Academy. Wednesday - struck off the main road to look up an older relative in Ashtabula Co. Found at Austinburg they were either dead or scattered. dined with the widows of Dr. O. K. Hawley a second cousin who deceased some 2 month ago. his will disposed of some 20.000 dollars. a ride if 20 miles Ashtabula brought me to Conneaut where I found in Pleasant entertainment for the night with an old Hamilton Student Bro J W. Wetherby. -

This Chh seemed prspering visited thus meeting House. Rode on for dinner to Br. Gallowher's 15 miles. had a pleasant acquaintance at sunset amire(?) at Eric & stopped with Br. Johnson. Dentist. was most cordially received and entertaining. made acquaintance also with brother J. K Barry the pastor. things are here looking up -yet some things are unhappy and disappointing. Spent the morning of Friday in a visiting church. wharf,(?) items & in the PM rode 30 miles to Westfield and lodged with Bro. Davis Hall, a Bap-

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tist brother - a respite deplete entertaining. -The weather was squally - high winds with Rain

On Saturday this morning after calling upon the family of an old acquaintance and relative in the vicinity road 15 mi. to this place - where I am safely ensconced with my old school mate Eld. A. C. Band in his church. Here an I proposed to spend the Sabbath and pray that it may prove to me a day of spiritual refreshment.

This is a pleasant town of 2000 inhabitants. The Baptist Church in this section have suffered severely by the former pastor in this place J. L Bishop - and they now exist in separate factions of the country I can only say it is apparently prosperous - well settled, fertile with good inhabitants. The roads are the best I have ever traveled everything conspires to make a private journeys through it pleasant. My expense is thus far from Cleveland to this place 145 mi. amount to just $1!

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Livonia Genesee? Co. NY June 23rd

The last far by the kind providence of God I am, spent this Sabbath in Fredonia and preached twice. Enjoyed some liberty in the morning. The Baptist are divided in that place system into bodies. Br. B. - I think is a good pastor and preacher. The congregation is respectable and now workshop in the academy. On Monday morning started at 8 o’clock and rode near the lake 22 mi. to Evans Center to Dinner(?) made a short call on elder J. M. Danforth. Then turn to eastward in order to go to Canandaigua -road to 20 mi. further to Abbotts Corners and stopped with Deacon Weld. Find? them good livers(?) but the Deacon rather cool, owing perhaps too ill health. Tuesday - Heavy fall of rain during the night. Road very heavy and rough -passed Aurora and made 20 mi. stopped at Baptist tavern -the good lady wants receive(?) nothing. The P M was showery.

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Made 35 mi. travel over a very rugged road the hills being very heavy stopped for the night at a public house. Rose early, Edward, being unwell with cold. Bill $1.12 Wednesday (today) have rode 35 mi. to this place passing through harsous(?) Perry Centre to Moscow their stopped for some refreshment. Preacher Taylor were I called for a few moments was absent to the association at Mount Morris. Crossed the Geneseen Valley to Geneseo church by lake Conesus to this place. This day has been pleasant and picturesque. The high hills strike me as too severe to be desirable for a permanent home and these Yorkers as like them too jagged. Am stopping at a public house again, because a stranger and I should perhaps be unwelcome if introducing myself.

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Auburn N.Y. June 29th Am now a Br. Wm W. Payne's -beginning where my last date leaves me. On Thursday a.m. last after paying my tavern bill of $1.37 for indifferent keeping I passed over a rough but thickly settle country to Canandaigua a distance of 22 mi.. The day was very hot. At this place found the U.S. Court in session and every public house crowded. After resting awhile and refreshing road to 10 mi. to Gorham? and was happy to find some relatives of my dear wife with whom I spent the three following days most pleasantly. On Lord’s day preached from Romans 12:2. Made the acquaintance of some fathers in Zion. Eld. Witler? and Dr. Pickett. Eld H.? Miner the pastor, seemed to be well received among his people. All received me most courteously - yet I feel that my spirituality is rather declining thou increasing and much fear that might visiting will be destitute of spiritual benefit either to myself or others. Yesterday left G- am passing Geneva?, - stopped with a brother-in-law Jos. Payne in Waterloo. Some two hours. Also a little in Seneca Falls. Where I saw a brother Abraham Payne and son

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-thence came on to this place last evening intending? to come here found myself at Mr. Sears with whom I lodged. General remarks. -

Religion seems to be low in all this country few were revivals are or have been enjoyed of late, and discussions are couscuou? - people are losing respect and eccoc(?) for religion as in former times. Worldly interests are prospering more of late -money is now plenty and business of all kinds is looking up. These are the times for fortunes to be made and lost. O Christians beware of this bewitching lottery! The whether thus far this season has been cool and journeying pleasant. We had rain last night. Must resume my journey on tomorrow if the Lord will. Edward has borne of the travel thus far well, but has a bad cold. Find relatives chiefly well as yet.

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Fenner, Mad Co. N.Y. July 9th/47.

Once more have I beheld the place of my nativity, and my father's house. Arrived here day before yesterday and there was non who knew me. Truly "I was a stranger to my father's children." Am happy to find all my relatives enjoying life and health. It seems my coming was still unexpected. How changed is all here. Painfully have I reflected upon the transition this of this world. Truly its fashion passeth away. It is pleasant to see old friends but this is not my home. My visit at Cortland to a dear sister of my departed Esther was full of mournful interest and tenderness. Spent a Sabbath there and preached once enjoying much my visit. Attended a mission ary meeting in house at night.

Professor Raymond gave a fine address to the students of the academy. On Monday came over to Cazenovia and stopped one day with another sister of my wife's. It(?) was pleasant but

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yet pensive. Saw several old father is in our Israel of old acquaintances. My impressions of this neighborhood are as old. I would not spend any days here "For all the world!" Religious interest is generally low and ungodlyness and depravity are rife among the people. The churches are split into factions by various contending issues and even the ministry seem to be communicating? the general disorganizing tendencies. There are apparently selfish, time-serving and, covetous, - aspiring to places of opinion, and eager of popular acclaim, less fearing the great God than vain man. O is this the truce of sccau(?) and all! I judge only from outward appearances. God grant that this may be shown untruth in the final trial. Am today busy with friends and papers and shall probably spend the Sabbath in Peterboro - This church is abolition (I am informed) "to the back bone." So we go, ultra against ultra.

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New Woodstock, Mad. Co. N.Y.

Nov 29th 1887

After my last date - having prosecuted my visiting among friends at Hamilton & other places until September 1st. I bade them farewell expecting to return to Ohio. At Trexton(?) I was met with a call to visit this church who were looking out for a pastor. I came over and as the result I am here still; and expect to remain at least for the winter. I find here a pretty good church - 230 members and a wide field of operations - work is plenty and a tolerably warm reception among the people. Our meetings are becoming more interesting as my acquaintance increases. I have liberty in my labor and am praying for revival successes.

Is(?) has been sickly here during the fall. The two Bro. Pecks - P.B. and L. M Peck were taken away suddenly by dysentery in October and both buried this same day! [See http://www.rootsweb.com/~nyccazen/VitalStats/EarlyObits.html for obituary information on these brothers.]This season has been solemn to me. My own health has not been good.

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I am now pleasantly situated (in all aspects save one) in the family of Dea S. L. Hubbard with little Edward as my boon companion. He goes to school at the academy next door to us and is doing well. Preached yesterday's twice also on last Thursday (Thanksgiving)- Old winter has just now apparently set in - The white month of nature has been put on and still she seems shivering in the Boreau blasts! - On last Lord's day I exchange with Eld. Putuaus(?) the former pastor hear (yet resident) and went over to Eaton village when I preached then married couple. Mr. Truman Aruts(?) to Miss Alma Shaw - Enjoyed a pleasant visit with Uncle R. [Russell] and family, Brother Myron spent the Sabbath two weeks ago with me. Fred is usually well. Letters have been received from several friends abroad recently.

Have been much employed in visiting in preaching in the bounds of this church for weeks past.

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December 27th.[1847] Lord's Day evening

 

This the last Sabbath of the year-has been in some respects very pleasant-though cold and severe weather-a good congregation were present in the sanctuary- I preached on the Fior.(?) Mission and took subscriptions and money to the amount of $40. The people were solemn & attentive - Our prayer meeting this evening was well attended and interesting as has been usually the case of late. - This people appear to occupy a spirituals state that promises a revival. May our glorious Lord hasten it in his own time and way. My feelings have become a much enlisted here in their religious interests and their personal welfare, end I fain(sic) would hope that my coming among them may not be in vain. On yesterday was there a Church meeting. After which there Counts(?) waited upon me informing me of the harmonious call of the church to become their pastor at a salary of $350 per annum. This is indeed an honorable testimonial on their part nevertheless, not specifically flattering to me. Though I feel myself greatly unworthy, yet I deem(?) the amount they propose

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not fully according to their ability I shall accordingly probably decline it and (unless divine providence otherwise directs) leave here in the spring, should my life be spared. This people I could love and so of all other of the seduce(?) and family in every place.

Why should I not be happy here? But I am really so as much as I ever shall be this side of heaven. All that can possibly be done to show kindness for the Lord's sake is not lacking toward me. Ingrate that I am, not to love my God and save your more! - O Lord recompensed them accordingly to the multitude of their services!

January 10th 1848. Since my last have accepted the call of this church and society to be their pastor. Our meeting one week ago was well attended when I accepted the call. Yesterday was stormy and cold but a pretty meeting still. Preached twice last week and married a couple (see record) yesterday Bro. B. from Hamilton preached in the P.M. to acceptance. Today's severely cold - have been visiting at Bro. R-d's.

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February 28th Monday. Since my last date the Lord has been pleased to visit this people in some refreshing from his presence. On the second Sabbath of this month I baptized 4 happy converts into the fellowship of this Church. Two of them (Dr. H-u & and lady I deem very valuable acquaintances. One was once a Presbyterian lady. Our hearts are now daily made glad with the testimony of new and rejoicing converts to the gospel. Some 16 had already come out in hope. We have meetings every night and often days. Bros. Douglas of Delphi and Dys of Favias have labored some in the Gospel among us. As my strength has been protracted with overworking, Sat. last was a deeply solemn meeting. Yesterday preached twice and exhorted the last evening. We are to continue our exertions during the present work and look for yet greater things from are gracious God.

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March 27th Monday. The revival appears to have much abated than being no recent conversation the Lord has been very merciful to us. 22 precious souls but on Christ by the burial(?) of baptism since it began. The first Lord's Day in this month will long be memorable to this people all 11 were baptized on that day which was one of the most bleak and wintry during the season. On yesterdays I preached twice on the divinity and second coming of Christ. We enjoyed a good season though the weather was rainy fog were out. The lord aided me in preaching. Last evening married a couple from Erieville.

This people have tendered me quite a pleasant complement in making me a life member of the A. U. Baptist mission Union by the payment of a hundred dollars raised among themselves for this purpose. They have my humble thanks for this and every similar token of esteem.

April 27th. Since my last entry I have at 3 several times baptized 11 more. On last lowered stayed we enjoyed much three were buried in baptism. The lord had this mercifully sustained me amid the trying and severe labor of the right here and I am now enjoying good help from. The spirit has also aided me in preaching the word of life. It is blessed to labor among such a people. As this to back up the truths tons both by prayer and practical piety. I've preached several funeral services since my last date three members have recently died others are sick. My present purpose is to attend the anniversaries in New York and Troy is in about two weeks from this date. Received letters from friends of late. Some sickness among them. The weather is pleasant but cool and the season is apparently backward. Stirring events are transpiring in the Old World and. Religious f generally among the churches.

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New York May 14th the 1848

This is Lord's Day evening and I sit down this evening after the interesting service of the day to pray a few live this. Enjoying as I have the generous hospitality of this family during the anniversary here and also by meeting many old friends in addition to making many new ones my stay here thus Jan? has been exceedingly pleasant. Our meetings have been a very pleasant with the indoors yet the weather has been wet and showery. The whole mission meeting elicited some discussion on the into slavery feeling abroad yet nothing was really done decidedly. The vote stood two majority for non-action. the Bible meeting was addressed by several but the address of Dr. Dowling and Rev. Mr. Thompson were the best of all. The sermon in the evening was delivered by Reverend Mr. Turnbull of Hartford and was simply a discourse upon the revolutions in civil government this as a result of their corruptions in morals. Composition good but rather destitute of theology and gospel.

And yesterday and was engaged in making

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some survey of the city - visited several interesting places and return to the evening to my lodgings. My place of stopping is Mr. Durbrows not a member. But a regular attendant upon Dr. Cove's Ministry. This pleasant Sabbath who I attended a m the Amity Street Baptist Church to hear Dr. Williams but heard Professor Kendrick preach from 1 Col 1:23.24. a good composition but rather tawdry delivery! P.m. I started down to hear Dr. Doling but in this was disappointed as he did not preach then passed on to a Laight street where was no preaching thence to Broome Street and heard of good discourse from Eld. Thompson of Rochester. This evening have been to three churches but heard in no preaching.

[different ink] Troy, New York. After rauging(?) / New York City to perfect on Monday embarked in the evening on board the steamer Troy. We safely arrived at this place this morning are taking the entertainment of Brother Phillips weather is wet and showery.

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Meetings of the board of the A. Baptist Miss. Union at Troy May 16, 1848

board are called to order by General Deacon. After singing prayer was offered by Eld. A. Beuccett. On one calling a roll a large number were far own to be present. Minutes of the former meeting were read. The pastor in a short but very inspirational address to the present extended a cordial welcome to analysts responded to by the president.

Reports were announced an as the order of business and agreed in a par and by the officers in charge. R. one reporter the treasurer was read to R. E . Eddy. Ex of stations as follows in round numbers. Maulriain $21.000. Iavory $6.8000 Arracau $3,876. Passage of Bro Abbot toa $800. Seaw 4916. China $5,320 Afseau $3790 Grace , France $3790. Germany $2506. Indian Mijs

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House Expenses. Agencies $6150. Secretaries Salary $3083. Treas $1200. Books $2902. Total of exp. $81,834.53

2nd report of ex. counte. Brol Bright grans for government $5000. bible soc $5000. tract Soc. total $98,000. Aggregate of life members at pns at 1382. Steel plate contracted for to issue certificcates of these

For Sce. of Peck read his report in part Fixed ??? and adjournment. Counte? on the evening services ?? adjourned. See printed abstract

New Woodstock. May 22nd

by the favor of a gracious Providence I arrive safely last evening after an absence of two weeks. The meetings at Troy which to us very

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Interesting. Many old acquaintances I met there and formed to many more. About 400 members were in attendance Christian fellowship served to provide it the entire body. Hon. G H. Briggs of Mass presided. after the close of the meeting went down to Albany and enjoyed a very pleasant visit with my uncle Hon. G C B [Greene Carrier Bronson] and family. Heard Rev E. D. Sprague in the A. M. and Rev. L Ramond in the P. M. returned last evening from Albany in pretty good health though loom? by excitement and traveling. All are in usual help here and today rising up my neglected Affairs which have accumulated in my absence.

June 7th the Wednesday. Preached thrice on last Lord's day. Have been half second ever since I return from York. Symptoms of sey? old complaint, Dspepsis. The weather is wet, cold and saw our so have kept rather close. Meetings are a good but not interesting

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as formally. The Methodist have baptized several during the spring. Our congregations are large Lord I trust will continue along this people. I am roving in fog and falling to the end. Of the earth. Caucrealy(?) tell what will become of me. Is my duty - t could it be, to become settled again and married life? I am obliged to feel a desolation even now at times almost insufferable. All my guide I would commit my stricken soul to thee!

July 6th 1848. [note discrepancy ] This is my 38 Natal day! More than one-half of my days are fled on earth! Could I regret it? Man’s days on earth are as the beautiful flowers of the spring. Today's the blossoms are closed in beauty tomorrow they begin to fade and are soon withered and gone truly I shed my days is a tale that is soon told.

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The last year with me has been one which I cannot reasonably regret. The Lord had this smiled upon my poor laborers and and many deer precious Seoul had been added unto the lord! Still I feel myself a most unprofitable servant. I might write better things of myself but what does it profit? I never shall be happier on earth than at present. All is vanity Holiness seems farther off those years ago. All I can do is to cast my sinful Soul upon Heaven’s mercy. My God does not forsake me for in thee is my hope. MauMay(?) applaud me but with the I have to do. "Teach me so to number my days. The church is prosperous and souls as a edified. All appears flourishing - What should I desire by heaven's blessing?

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Michigan State temperance convention April 30, 1851

[seems to be a list of people willing to house delegates to the convention.)

Will? Entertain Board Lodge

Dr. James Post 2 Perons 1 horse

T. S. Sandford 2 persons

George Sherman 4 persons

John Lawrence 2 persons 4 horses

Horace Partridge 2 Perons 6 Horses

Philip Griffith 4 Persons

Orange Risdow 4 Persons

Orange Risdow 4 Persons 2 Horses

Willis Ripley 4 Persons

B. P. Warner 2 persons 2 horses

John Howard 4 persons 2 horses

Peter Sheaniean? 2 persons

[also in pencil]

Rev. A. Whitman, Geroge Jewitt, M. N. Littlefield S. P Haurett

reve. Wm E. Bigilow, Reve. H d. Kickett, Rev. CollinsRev R. M. Parker rev L. g. Clarke Wm. R Moody & lady

C Van Husan 6 persons 2 horses

Theron Ford 4 persons

Edgar Webbs 2 persons

I. K. Brownson 4 persons

Hiram Barrett 2 persons

Dr. Stephens 2 persons

Daniel Elliz 6 persons

Wm. Haight 2 persons

Dr. Watson 2 Persons

Joseph Bickford 2 persons

Miel Mason 2 persons

Jonas Bond 2 perons 2 horses

Cornelius Parsons 2 persons 2 horses

Roswell Parsons 2 persons

Dea. Timothy Hunt 4 persons 2 horse

Ira Bapett 2 persons 1 horse

John M. Hunt 2 persons 1 horse

Dea. John Post

Dr. J. F. Draper 2 persons & Board 6

Wm. Humphrey Board 4

Dr. Drawford 2 persons

Haslo Olcott 2 persons

Mrs. Calkins will lodge 6 persons.

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Last page

Marriages in New Woodstock

Nov 27, 1847 at Eaton Village Mr. Truman Aruts? (see also page 15) to Miss Alma Shaw both of that place (fee $1.00)

Jan 6th 1848 in Pompey On. Co. Mr. John Holms Jr. to Miss Eleanor Wail? (Fee $3.00)

Feb 16th, 1848 in New Woodstock Mr. Wm. Holues to Miss Delaua Savage fee $2.00 - 12 1/2 ????

Last updated Sept. 3, 2001

Copyrighted by Paul A. Reese