PUBLICATION NOTES
Which
test to get
If you want to use "the counting
rules" then you need to get a HAIR ELEMENTS TEST,
run through DOCTOR'S DATA INC. Do NOT
get their "hair toxic exposure" test --- it does not include the essential
elements. The essential elements are essential if you want to use
the counting rules.
DDI
contact information
http://www.doctorsdata.com
Doctor's Data (lab) contact
information: http://www.doctorsdata.com/CONTACT.HTM
address: Customer service,
Doctor's Data Inc., P.O. Box 111, West Chicago, IL 60186 USA
phone: (800) 323-2784 - from
US and Canada (Monday-Friday, 8 AM to 5 PM, central time) or (630) 377-8139
fax: (630) 587-7860
email address for inquiries:
inquiries@doctorsdata.com
Requirements,
alternatives and costs
This test requires the signature
of a licensed health care practitioner of some sort --- an MD, DO, podiatrist,
optometrist, chiropractor -- any of those is okay. An ND in
states where NDs are licensed to order medical tests also; and an ARNP
(nurse practitioner) IF working under a physician. And probably other
some other types of practitioners. DDI can also tell you the names of doctors
in your area who have ordered this test, if you call and ask. This
test can be ordered from the UK. (You need a signed order from your doctor,
which can be faxed to DDI.) Probably can be ordered from elsewhere,
too (but we just happen to know about the UK.)
This will cost $76 (unless the practitioner has "special pricing", in which case it is sometimes $42). If you have someone to sign the request, great. If you do not have a cooperative practitioner around, then you can get the test ordered from Direct Lab Services. This will cost $79 (rather than $76 or $42.)
Direct
Lab Services
Direct
Laboratory Services
http://directlab.com
provides access to testing for professionals and consumers, and they will
order tests for you. The way they do this is they have a doctor who requests
the tests for you. They are following the normal procedures of the labs
involved. They will charge you for this service (by marking up the prices
of the tests). However, in some cases their prices will be lower, due to
volume discounts and other pricing considerations they get from the labs.
Expect them to be helpful, and to treat you as a customer. To order
tests, call (800) 908-0000.
DLS does all types of tests, not just hair tests. In general, which test you want run will determine what lab they run the tests through. They expect you to prepay, and will send the test kit(s) to your home.
DLS no longer runs ANY test through GSDL. They canNOT run a plasma cysteine test for you (as of 04/02).
Preparing
hair samples
Doctor's Data will send a "test
kit" for you to use. (Some doctor's have these on hand.) The test kit is
just an envelope with the supplies you need. It contains instructions,
a tiny paper scale, and a little plastic baggie to put the hair into.
There are also a few questions to fill in. The sample is then mailed
to DDI. The results will be returned to you practitioner and NOT
to you. This will take around 2 to 4 weeks from when the sample was mailed.
Use
of current hair vs. baby hair
Sometimes people will ask about
using baby hair that they have saved for testing. It is recommended that
you use CURRENT hair for this test. Testing baby hair will show what
was going on at that time, and it is hard to tell how this relates to the
current situation. It is also hard to know when baby hair was saved
relative to mercury exposure.
The directions for the hair
test will say to use the end of the hair from right next to the scalp.
This is the newest growth. However, if someone with long hair is very reluctant
to cut off some hair to test, the ends of the hair could be used.
A test of the older hair at the ends is still often informative -- this
is especially true for adults. Children change more rapidly, and also have
probably had an acute (vaccine) exposure. The hair sample at the scalp
is the most indicative of the current situation. Other hair shows
the situation at the time that THAT hair grew.
What
is on a DDI report?
If you want to see an example
of what the test results looks like, you can download one here: http://www.doctorsdata.com/SAMPLES.HTM.
A list of the elements included can be found later in this file, in the
section "how to post hair test results to the list".
"THE
COUNTING RULES":
--a method
for determining probable mercury poisoning--
Terms
used
In this
explanation, we use the following words interchangeably:
Why not? The body's tissues are selective about how long they keep mercury inside themselves. Mercury will stay in some body tissues (such as the brain and liver) which are very attracted to it, for a long time. Other tissues (such as blood), will clear out the mercury pretty quickly. Blood will keep mercury for a few months. The brain keeps it for a lifetime. Other tissues are in between.
At first (soon after exposure), mercury is present in hair and blood. This means that soon after someone is poisoned, their blood and hair will probably show high levels of mercury. But later, in most cases, the mercury is "hidden". It is no longer present in the blood or hair or urine or feces. If the person is poisoned, it is still present in other areas (such as the brain) and is still doing damage. For people who have been exposed to mercury through vaccines (thimerosal) or through amalgam (dental fillings), the exposure is usually too far in the past and/or too slow and chronic for mercury to show up in hair or blood or urine or feces.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: A PERSON WHO IS MERCURY TOXIC will usually (in most cases) have a NORMAL reading for mercury on tests of hair or blood or urine or feces. You cannot go by that. The most recent edition of many medical textbooks tell physicians that mercury poisoning cannot be ruled out based on the urine or blood level of mercury. This is also true for hair levels of mercury. Only about 1 poisoned person in 10 shows up with a high level of mercury on these tests. The other 9 poisoned people have normal readings for mercury.
If the reading for mercury is HIGH (red) on a hair test, this probably indicates the person has mercury poisoning. On the other hand, if the reading for mercury is normal (or even very low), this indicates nothing one way or another about whether the person has mercury poisoning. Mercury can still be present in the brain and organs, doing lots of damage there, and NOT be present in the hair. THIS IS VERY COMMON.
Blood, urine, feces and hair are all relatively easy to test. But, the mercury level there is not a good indicator of past mercury poisoning or slow chronic mercury poisoning. Because of this, measuring mercury in blood, urine, hair or feces is often not helpful in determining whether a person is poisoned.
The way to tell if a person is poisoned (when mercury doesn't show up), is to use the available samples (hair, blood, urine, etc.) and look for the biochemical aberrations which mercury causes.
We
can look for what mercury DOES: impaired "mineral transport"
Mercury usually interferes
with the body's ability to use, process, and store minerals. Regular minerals:
stuff like calcium, magnesium and sodium. (On a hair test, these are called
"essential elements".) While this is a very bad thing in terms of health
effects, it is "helpful" for the purpose of determining mercury poisoning,
because it is a pretty predictable result. This is exactly what the "counting
rules" look for: seriously messed up minerals.
To be just slightly more technical about it, mercury poisoning usually causes impaired "mineral transport". Mineral transport is the ability of cells to pull minerals into themselves and pump minerals out of themselves selectively.
If mineral transport is normal then someone with too much mercury will have high hair mercury levels. This happens with about 1 person in 10 who have a mercury problem. This person will have a HIGH reading for mercury. In this case, it is easy to see they have a problem with mercury. These people have normal mineral transport, and can move mercury from the large pool in the body into the hair. For the other 9 people who are mercury toxic, it is harder to figure out if they have a problem or not. The normal level of mercury present in their hair could mean they don't have much mercury in their body (they are okay), or it could mean they have impaired mineral transport due to mercury poisoning, and that is why there is little mercury in their hair.
Since mercury impairs mineral transport, examining hair for the level of many minerals lets us determine if mercury has left its signature in the hair's biochemistry even if the mercury itself doesn't show up.
What
the counting rules should be used for:
The counting rules determine
if a child/adult has impaired mineral transport. That is what they are
for.
Impaired
mineral transport indicates mercury poisoning is likely:
In a strict sense, all the
"counting rules" check for is that SOMETHING is causing disordered mineral
transport. While in theory there may be many things that do this,
the only one we know of is mercury poisoning, and it is certainly the only
common reason for mineral transport to be messed up.
We are not aware of any other condition (besides mercury poisoning) which regularly results in impaired mineral transport. This does not mean that some other cause is not possible.
In particular, the other heavy metals (other than mercury) do NOT generally appear to cause impaired mineral transport. If you have normal mineral transport (as indicated by the counting rules), and you have a high level of a toxic metal (other than mercury), this would tend to indicate that you are poisoned with that element, and not mercury.
Another point worth noting is that it is having mercury in one's body (not brain) which causes impaired mineral transport. A person with mercury in their brain only would most likely not have impaired mineral transport. They would still have mercury poisoning, but would not show up as having impaired mineral transport, based on the counting rules. This would be likely in a person who was poisoned with mercury long ago, with no exposure since. This gives the body organs time to slowly clear out the mercury. The brain (unfortunately) hangs on to the mercury much longer, and does not clear itself out. Such a person might not have any laboratory abnormalities. Or, they might have endocrine (hormone) abnormalities (of the sort that endocrinologists and mainstream MD's are unlikely to understand), or neurological abnormalities.
Most people with mercury poisoning do seem to have abnormal mineral transport as shown by their hair tests, and small children do not appear to have enough time to clear all the mercury out of their bodies to get normal mineral transport again, if they are mercury poisoned. The only group of people likely to have mercury poisoning AND have normal mineral transport AND have a normal reading for mercury are those who have tried to remove the mercury from their bodies for many years but who have been using protocols that do not clear the mercury out of the brain, or those who have had no exposure to mercury for at least a few years. In other words, from a practical standpoint, almost everyone who is mercury toxic will have EITHER impaired mineral transport (what the counting rules measure) OR have high level of mercury in their hair.
Probability
versus proof:
The counting rules can tell
you that it is HIGHLY PROBABLE that a child or adult has impaired mineral
transport. This is a fair indicator of mercury toxicity, but is NOT an
exact precise 100% accurate diagnostic measure. First, there is a
slight chance of a false negative or a false positive as to whether the
person has impaired mineral transport. (See "Note
about statistical probabilities" for more details on statistical
probabilities as related to the counting rules.) Second, the counting rules
do not actually test for mercury's presence, they are looking for impaired
mineral transport. So, it is inexact.
It is possible that there may be some other disease or condition that is causing impaired mineral transport, or very skewed mineral levels. Andy doesn't know of any other condition that does this, but this is not exactly a guarantee of certainty for any individual.
We are aware of at least one person who had normal mineral transport (as measured by the counting rules) and who chelated anyway, and saw improvement. We are also aware of at least one person who had normal mineral transport and chelated anyway and did not see any change from chelation.
A lot of people have used the "counting rules" and we think it is a pretty reasonable and reliable method to decide to look into mercury poisoning further, or give chelation a try.
If
your hair test shows a high level of mercury:
If the reading for mercury
is HIGH (in the red area) on a hair test, this indicates the person may
have mercury poisoning. You do not need the counting rules.
It is clear that there is mercury present at high (unhealthy) levels.
Other
ways to look for mercury toxicity:
There are a number of other
ways (besides looking for impaired mineral transport) to look for mercury
poisoning. However, getting a hair test and using the counting rules is
RELATIVELY cheap and RELATIVELY easy and RELATIVELY reliable. So,
a lot of people on the autism-mercury list have been using this method.
You can read about other methods here: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/files/ANDY_INDEX#determining_toxicity or in Andy's book "Amalgam Illness", available from his website: http://www.noamalgam.com.
How
to read a hair test from DDI
These rules are ONLY for the
Doctor's Data "hair elements" test - tests by other companies need different
rules. Andy highly recommends using the DDI "hair elements" test. Do not
get the DDI "toxic elements" test.
STEP ONE:
Note
about statistical probabilities
If any one (or more) of the
criteria are met, there is a 1 in 44 chance that it happened randomly and
a 43 in 44 chance that something is wrong. Of course, the chances that
it is random diminish rapidly if the deviation is greater or if more than
one of the rules is met. The greater the deviation, the greater the
probability that the person is toxic.
Additional
patterns which are characteristic of mercury toxicity
There are some characteristic
non-statistical findings, too, in mercury toxic people. These are probably
caused by other heavy metals in addition to mercury, but are NOT caused
by COPPER toxicity. People who are copper toxic, with nothing else going
on, have very normal looking hair analyses except for very elevated copper.
Their minerals are not "skewed".
Not everyone who is mercury toxic has these patterns, but they are reasonably common:
When mineral transport is abnormal: OTHER TOXIC METALS
(TEXT TO BE ADDED HERE. This section is not complete.)
When
mineral transport is normal: OTHER TOXIC METALS
The counting rules look for
abnormal mineral transport. A person who has NORMAL mineral transport
has the ability to move use and process BOTH TOXIC AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS.
The readings on a hair test for other toxic metals (other than mercury)
should be an accurate indicator of any toxicity (or the lack of toxicity).
For example, if a person has normal mineral transport, but high copper
and high arsenic, then the readings for copper and arsenic would be accurate,
and you would want to consider how to lower the copper and arsenic.
(TEXT TO BE ADDED HERE. This section is not complete.)
NOTES:
About test results, in general
Medical laboratory tests are
standardized by testing a bunch of normal, healthy people and determining
"normal ranges" where 1 person in 40, on average, is above them and 1 in
40 below, for a total of 2 in 40 or 1 in 20 who do not fall "within normal
limits."
Of course, with this statistical definition, this means that if you do eight gazillion tests in some mondo test panel, some of them are expected to randomly be out of range. The Doctor's Data hair element analysis is in effect one of those mondo test panels, like a "chem 25" blood test panel. While it is extremely difficult to go look at the myriad interrelationships of all the things on these panels (and in practice nobody does it), it is possible to use statistical methods to turn the whole panel into "one test" that is either "within normal limits" or "abnormal." Andy has done this and generated the following rules to interpret the DDI "essential and other" elements portion of their test which includes 23 elements. For tests including a number of elements different than 23, the rules have to be rederived.
NOTES:
Probability equations used to come up with the rules
For those who like numbers
and equations, the way Andy did this is pretty simple.
The probability of a given number of event "A" and event "B" where "B" is "not A" out of n tries is:
Pa ^ Na * Pb ^ Nb * 23CNb
(23CNa = 23CNb since Na + Nb = 23)where Na is the number of events A and Nb is the number of events B, and Pa and Pb are the probabilities of events A and B. Pa + Pb = 1.
Andy could calculate this for all Na and sum the probabilities up from, say, zero to some number. What he did was calculate probabilities and add them up so the total probability of satisfying the counting rules given above is 0.023 (2.3%) and all the the different things to check have similar probabilities of occurrence.
The probability, Pa, of something being "very elevated" or "very low" is defined by the "normal limits" of a medical test as 0.05.
The probability, Pa, of something being greater than average, is of course 0.5 or 50%.
The probability, Pa, of something being within one standard deviation of average (in the middle band on the DDI test report) is defined by statistics as 2/3. NOTE: Using just math (statistics) here, this would lead to a rule that says "If the number of items that is in the "average" section is FOURTEEN or less it indicates abnormal mineral transport". This is, in fact, what this rule initially said when Andy created the counting rules. However, since there is correlation between the minerals, the actual number needed (to be "abnormal") or really lower. Andy had to get a lot of reports and go over them in order to determine what the number really should be, which is what he did. The rule was then modified to ELEVEN, instead of fourteen.
NOTES:
How to read an OLDER hair test from Great Smokies Diagnostic Lab
IMPORTANT:
As of August 2001, GSDL recently changed the format of their test results.
Andy has not derived "counting rules" for GSDL's new reporting format at
this time. The method outlined here does NOT work with the new format.
This information is included ONLY in case you have an OLDER test. If you
are going to order a test, please use DDI at present if you wish to use
the counting rules.
STEP 1:
STEP 2:Find the results for "nutritive elements" and "additional elements". There should be 21 items listed in these 2 groups together Draw a line (very carefully) down the middle of the test results page with a ruler. We will call this line "average". Find the area called "abnormal high" and "abnormal low" (way at the edges of the little bell curves on the test result sheet)
ADDITIONAL READING MATERIAL ABOUT HAIR TESTS newCount the number of values that are "abnormally high" plus the number of values that are "abnormally low". If this number is 3 or more it indicates a high probability of abnormal mineral transport and it indicates a high probability of mercury poisoning. Look for values that are "above average" -- that is, the line extends to the right, beyond the "average" line you drew down the middle of the paper. Count the values that are "above average". (This may include ones that are "abnormally high".) If the number is less than 6, it indicates a high probability of abnormal mineral transport and it indicates a high probability of mercury poisoning. Again, using the values that are "above average" -- that is, the line extends to the right, beyond the "average" line you drew down the middle of the paper. Count the values that are "above average". (This may include ones that are "abnormally high".) If the number is greater than 15, it indicates a high probability of abnormal mineral transport and it indicates a high probability of mercury poisoning.
If you would like to read more about testing (mostly reiterating that direct testing of hair, urine, etc. is not reliable), here are some things you can read:
Posts
written by Andy:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/442
different tests, and that test may not show mercury high
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/19478
level of mercury in hair/blood/urine is not good for diagnosing mercury
poisoning
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/14349
mercury toxicity versus copper toxicity
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/26378
other toxic metals high withOUT impaired mineral transport
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/1000
Mercury doesn't show up in tests
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/1012
Skewed minerals on tests
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/1182
abnormal mineral levels
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/1092
How long mercury shows up in urine, after exposure date
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/2250
Chronic mercury exposure (e.g. amalgams) doesn't result in high mercury
on hair tests
A conversation
between Andy and Dr. Amy Holmes:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/1901
post by Dr. Amy Holmes: hair patterns in ASD kids
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/1903
response from Andy
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/1912
response by Dr. Amy Holmes: more about the patterns in ASD kids and NT
kids
Posts
written by Moria:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/31714
normal level of mercury in hair test doesn't mean you are okay
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/16868
hair reading for mercury of high means you are toxic, but normal means
it is unknown
Additional
writing on this topic, by Dr. Amy Holmes:
http://www.healing-arts.org/children/holmes.htm#testing
From the website of Dr. Amy Holmes: a good explanation in non-techie language
of why mercury levels may be "normal" in people who are mercury toxic.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/1214
post by Dr. Amy Holmes: hair tests show recent exposure
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/2220
post by Dr. Amy Holmes: scattered pattern of hair elements seen in ASD
kids
POSTED D.D.I. HAIR TEST RESULTS
Introduction to posted DDI hair test results:
When view these posts on the website, even if the writer carefully lined everything up, YOU will see a "squashed" table that "looks weird". In order to get it "unsquashed" you can do either of the following:
DDI hair test results:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/7340 [Barry Jones]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/21249 [jondank]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/22916
[jmgdad] used standard deviations to post
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/22919
[Andy - response]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/27249 [Alex Barcley]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/27607
[milothegreat]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/27618
[Andy - response]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/28172
[Denise Lavery]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/28191
[Andy - response]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/29408
[fvillaaz]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/29439
[Andy - response]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/31178
[cewlslgr]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/31204
[Andy - response]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/31211 [Ping Li]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/32825
[HeidiCallin69]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/33093
[Andy - response]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/35734 [Andrea & Mark]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/36586 [tiredmamma18042]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/36694
[D&J Tobey]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/37125
[Andy - response]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/38165 [etchemendy]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/38862
[autismzone]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/38940
[Andy - response]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/39973
[lecopeland73]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/39998
[Andy- response]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/42454
[TwoTonks]
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Autism-Mercury/message/42455
[Andy- response]
HOW TO POST HAIR TEST RESULTS TO THE LIST
If you want to post your hair test results to the list, it is VERY IMPORTANT that you post enough information. This is not a recommendation that you post your results, merely advice on HOW to do so, if you choose to. Most of the time, people who post hair results desire help with using the counting rules. In order to USE the counting rules, one must have complete info (or it can't be done). Therefore it is important to post enough information. Using the format below is highly recommended.
When posting hair test results, please:
Note about viewing "squashed" results:
When you post your results, which are (one hopes) all neatly lined up in columns, some people (those who get email) will SEE neatly lined-up columns, while others (who read on the website) will see a "squashed" table that "looks weird". If you are VIEWING a post on the web with "squashed" results, you can do either of the following to get it "unsquashed":
Example of format to use, with example results included:
POTENTIALLY TOXIC ELEMENTS
element result
ref range color
==============================================
aluminum 11
< 8.0 yellow
antimony 0.07
< .066 yellow
arsenic 0.1
< .08 yellow
beryllium <0.01
< 0.02 no line
bismuth .2
< .13 yellow
cadmium .034
< .15 green
lead .2
< 1.0 green
mercury 0.37
< 1.4 green
platinum .003
< .005 no line
thallium < .001
< .01 no line
thorium < .001
< .005 no line
uranium .001
< .06 no line
nickel .09
< .4 green
silver .06
< .2 green
tin
.16 < .3
green
titanium 1.4
< 1.0 yellow
ESSENTIAL AND OTHER ELEMENTS
element result
ref range color under/over 50%
============================================================
Calcium 459
125-370 yellow over 50%
Magnesium 54
12-30 yellow over
50%
Sodium 93
12-90 yellow over
50%
Potassium 93
12-40 yellow over
50%
Copper 8.2
8.0-16 green under
50%
Zinc 200
100-190 yellow over 50%
Manganese 0.2
0.2-0.55 yellow under 50%
Chromium 0.46
0.26-0.5 green over 50%
Vanadium 0.034
0.03-0.1 green under 50%
Molybdenum 0.035 0.05-0.13
yellow under 50%
Boron 1.8
0.6-4.0 white over 50%
Iodine 0.26
0.25-1.3 green under 50%
Lithium 0.009
0.007-0.023 green under 50%
Phosphorus 262
160-250 yellow over 50%
Selenium 0.97
0.95-1.7 green under 50%
Strontium 0.31
0.16-1.0 white over 50%
Sulfur 49200
45500-53000 green over 50%
Barium 0.12
0.16-0.8 yellow under 50%
Cobalt 0.008
0.013-0.035 yellow under 50%
Iron 16
8.0-19 green over
50%
Germanium 0.052
0.045-0.065 green under 50%
Rubidium 0.11
0.016-0.18 green over 50%
Zirconium 0.38
0.04-1.0 white over 50%
Example of format to use, blank copy for you to fill in:
The "format" below can be "copied and pasted" to your email, just be sure to fill it all in completely:
POTENTIALLY TOXIC ELEMENTS
element result
ref range color
=============================================
aluminum
antimony
arsenic
beryllium
bismuth
cadmium
lead
mercury
platinum
thallium
thorium
uranium
nickel
silver
tin
titanium
ESSENTIAL AND OTHER ELEMENTS
element result
ref range color under/over 50%
============================================================
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Copper
Zinc
Manganese
Chromium
Vanadium
Molybdenum
Boron
Iodine
Lithium
Phosphorus
Selenium
Strontium
Sulfur
Barium
Cobalt
Iron
Germanium
Rubidium
Zirconium