

Effects of Group Practice of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Preventing Violent Crime in Washington, DC: Results of the National Demonstration Project, June-July 1993John S. Hagelin, Maxwell V. Rainforth, David W. Orme-Johnson, Kenneth L. Cavanaugh, Charles N. Alexander, Susan F. Shatkin, John L. Davies, Anne O. Hughes, and Emanuel RossThis study presents the final results of a two-month prospective experiment to reduce violent crime in Washington, D.C. On the basis of previous research it was hypothesized that the level of violent crime in the District of Columbia would drop significantly with the creation of a large group of participants in the Transcendental Meditation® and TM-Sidhi® programs to increase coherence and reduce stress in the District.The graph to the right gives an idea of the results that were achieved. |
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This National Demonstration Project to Reduce Violent Crime and Improve Governmental Effectiveness brought approximately 4,000 participants in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs to the United States national capital from June 7 to July 30, 1993. A 27-member independent Project Review Board consisting of sociologists and criminologists from leading universities, representatives from the police department and government of the District of Columbia, and civic leaders approved in advance the research protocol for the project and monitored its progress.
The dependent variable in the research was weekly violent crime, as measured by the Uniform Crime Report program of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; violent crimes include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery. This data was obtained from the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department for 1993 as well as for the preceding five years (1988-1992). Additional data used for control purposes included weather variables (temperature, precipitation, humidity), daylight hours, changes in police and community anti-crime activities, prior crime trends in the District of Columbia, and concurrent crime trends in neighboring cities. Average weekly temperature was significantly correlated with homicides, rapes and assaults (HRA crimes), as has also been found in previous research; therefore temperature was used as a control variable in the main analysis of HRA crimes. Using time series analysis, violent crimes were analyzed separately in terms of HRA crimes (crimes against the person) and robbery (monetary crimes), as well as together.
Analysis of 1993 data, controlling for temperature, revealed that there was a highly significant decrease in HRA crimes associated with increases in the size of the group during the Demonstration Project. The maximum decrease was 23.3% when the size of the group was largest during the final week of the project. The statistical probability that this result could reflect chance variation in crime levels was less than 2 in 1 billion (p < .000000002). When a longer baseline is used (1988-1993 data), the maximum decrease was 24.6% during this period (p < .00003). When analyzed as a separate variable, robberies did not decrease significantly, but a joint analysis of both HRA crimes and robberies indicated that violent crimes as a whole decreased significantly to a maximum amount of 15.6% during the final week of the project (p = .0008). Analysis of 1993 data, controlling for temperature, revealed that there was a highly significant decrease in HRA crimes associated with increases in the size of the group during the Demonstration Project.
Several additional analyses were performed on HRA crimes to further assess the strength of the main findings. These indicated that the reduction of HRA crimes associated with the group of participants in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs could not be attributed to changes in police staffing. These secondary analyses also found that the reduction of HRA crimes was highly robust to alternative specifications of the statistical model - that is, the effect is independent of the isolated details of the models used to assess seasonal cycles and trends. No significant decrease was found in any of the prior five years during this period of time, indicating that this effect was not due to the specific time of year. Furthermore, the intervention parameters for the group size revealed that the effect of the group was not only cumulative with the increase in group size, but also continued for some time after the end of the project.
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A few days ago when I checked the national debt clock, Sandy and I each owed $26,702 as our pieces of the national debt.
So did our two grown children, their spouses and each of our three grandkids. The immediate family, therefore, is in hock on behalf of our government to the tune of $240,318. That's about five times more than the mortgage on the house we bought back in 1975. Of course, each of us 297,288,861 American citizens owes that $26,702 for a total now of just slightly less than $8 trillion. And since the debt is increasing by $1.54 billion each day - that's right, each day - we'll be over the $8 trillion mark in no time. Those are sobering facts considering that someday, somehow, Americans are going to have to pay off all that debt. A lot of people in this country - both Republicans and Democrats - tried to warn George Bush and his economic advisers early on in his administration that the tax cuts they were proposing could endanger the budget surplus that the Clinton administration had handed them. For those who don't remember, Clinton in 1999 proposed paying off the entire national debt by 2015 because surpluses were running much more than expected. He added that in addition to paying down the debt, the surpluses could be used to add decades of solvency to Social Security and Medicare. |
When Bush took office in 2001, everything changed.
The economy faltered, yet the administration went ahead with its tax
cuts, most of which benefited the well-to-do. Then 9/11 occurred, but the administration insisted the tax cuts had to go forward, regardless. Then the decision was made to attack Iraq, but the tax cuts remained untouchable. A year or so later, the administration pushed through a so-called Medicare prescription drug plan that will cost the nation another $500 billion or so, most of it landing in the hands of the drug companies. But the tax cuts continue. And now, of course, we're faced with billions upon billions of unexpected expenses in the wake of two devastating hurricanes. Bush and a host of Republicans on Congress used to remind us at election time that government needs to take care of its income and spending just like American families have to do. Unfortunately, if American families took care of their household budgets like Bush and company have done, we'd all be bankrupt. Dave Zweifel is editor of The Capital Times. E-mail: dzweifel@madison.com Published: 6:55 AM 10/5/05 |
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© 1997 - 2005 Patti M. Sheaffer, MS