Endnotes for Struggling Downward

1 National Trades’ Union, May 23, 1835 as reprinted in John Commons, ed., A Documentary History of American Industrial Society vol. V (Cleveland: The A.H. Clark Company, 1910), 240.

2 Working Man’s Advocate, June 20, 1835.

3 For treatments of New York artisan’s see Howard B. Rock, Artisans of the New Republic: The Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson (New York: New York University Press, 1979) and Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984). For Philadelphia see Bruce Laurie, Working People of Philadelphia, 1800-1850 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980) and Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth Century America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989), Ronald Schultz, The Republic of Labor (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), and William A. Sullivan, The Industrial Worker in Pennsylvania, 1800-1840 (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1955). Some more recent works like Richard Stott’s, Workers in the Metropolis: Class, Ethnicity, and Youth in Antebellum New York City (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1990) and David R. Roediger’s, The Wages of Whiteness (New York: Verso Press, 1991) have begun to deal with identity creation among artisans.

4 On the role of transportation see George Rodgers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1951) and Carol Sheriff, The Artificial River (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996). For an overview of the period’s economic growth see Robert Albion, The Rise of New York Port, 1815-1860 (New York: Newton Abbot, David & Charles, 1970), Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), and Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States 1790-1860 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966).

5 For this process in New York see Howard B. Rock, Artisans of the New Republic: The Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson and Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic.

6 See Walter Hugins, Jacksonian Democracy and the Working Class: A Study of the New York Workingmen’s Movement, 1829-1837 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960) and Pessen, Most Uncommon Jacksonians: The Radical Leaders of the Early Labor Movement.

7 See John Finch, Rise and Progress of the General Trades’ Union of the City of New York and its Vicinity. With an Address to the Mechanics in the City of New York and Throughout the United States (New York: James Ormond, 1833) also Wilentz, Chants Democratic, and Laurie, Working People of Philadelphia.

8 The National Trades Union was a short lived umbrella organization with representatives from dozens of northern cities. National Laborer, November 12, 1836, as reprinted in Commons, Documentary History vol. VI, 282-283.

9 On housing and shop arrangements for colonial craftsmen see Billy Smith, The "Lower Sort" (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1990), Paul Johnson, A Shopkeeper’s Millennium (New York, Hill and Wang, 1978), and W.J. Rorabaugh, The Craft Apprentice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).

10 National Trades’ Union, July 12, 1834.

11 On fraternal organizations and gender see Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989) and on evangelical religion and masculinity see Paul Johnson and Sean Wilentz, The Kingdom of Matthias (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). On the Washingtonians see Jed Dannenbaum, Drink and Disorder (Urbana: University of IL Press, 1984) and Teresa Anne Murphy, Ten Hours’ Labor (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992).

12 I am not insinuating that these artisans solely occupied a realm without contacting these "other" groups. Even the labor newspaper sanctioned by the all male General Trades’ Union contained an article entitled "For the Ladies" that specifically gave advice to artisan’s wives. National Trades’ Union, July 12, 1834.

13 Joan Scott, "On Language, Gender, and Working Class History." in Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 53-67 and Linda Kerber, "The Paradox of Women’s Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin vs. Massachusetts, 1805." American Historical Review, vol. 97, (April 1992), 352-353. See also Ruth H. Bloch, "The Gendered Meaning of Virtue in Revolutionary America." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 13, (1987).

14 David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness.

15 For examples see Ely Moore, Address delivered before the General Trades’ Union of the City of New York at the Chatham-Street Chapel, Monday, December 2, 1833 (New York: James Ormond, 1833), 18-20, Parley’s Magazine, New York, C.S. Francis and Company, 1834, 175-176, and Boston Masonic Mirror, Boston, October 12, 1832.

16 Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness, 54-60.

17 On working class women in New York see Christine Stansell, City of Women (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986) and Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan For Rent, 1785-1850 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989). On masculinity see Rotundo, E. Anthony. "Learning About Manhood: Gender Ideals and the Middle-Class Family in Nineteenth-Century America, in J.A. Mangan, and James Walvin, ed., Manliness and Morality: Middle-class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Marten’s Press, 1987), 36-47, G.J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), and David C. Pugh, Sons of Liberty: The Masculine Mind in Nineteenth-Century America (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983). On masculinity and artisans see Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood and Ava Baron, "The ‘Other’ Side of Gender Antagonism at Work." in Ava Baron Work Engendered: Toward a New History of Men, Women, and Work (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).

18 Asa Greene, A Glance at New York (New York: A. Greene, 1837), 19.

19 John Finch, Rise and Progress of the General Trades’ Union of the City of New York and its Vicinity. With an Address to the Mechanics in the City of New York and Throughout the United States (New York: James Ormond, 1833), 13-14.

20 Ely Moore, Address delivered before the General Trades’ Union of the City of New York at the Chatham-Street Chapel, Monday, December 2, 1833.

21 Tristam Burgess, Address of the Hon. Tristam Burgess Delivered at the Third Annual Fair of the American Institute of the City of New York, 1830, 16-17.

22 Wilentz, Chants Democratic, 87-93, 249-251 on parades see Sean Wilentz, "Artisan Republican Festivals and the Rise of Class Conflict in New York City, 1788-1837," in Michael Frisch and Daniel Walkowitz, eds., Working-Class America Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 59-60.

23 U.S. Congress. House. Memorial of working men, citizens of New York. 23rd Cong., 1rst sess., 1834. H. Doc. 387, 5.

24 Ibid,. 3.

25 Boston Mechanic, June 1835, 95.

26 For an excellent example of how evengelicalism affected emerging capitalism in this period, see Paul Johnson, A Shopkeeper’s Millennium (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978).

27 I would also argue that it is not necessary to separate republican ideology from the identity formation of both workers and bosses. The notions that these men pegged as republican contained specific ideas of how men should act in the new republic and proper masculinity for citizens. For an overview of the debate over the many forms of republicanism see Robert Shalhope, "Republicanism in Early America." William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 38, (1982), 334-356, and Daniel T. Rodgers, "Republicanism: The Career of a Concept." Journal of American History, vol. 74, (June 1992), 11-38. Also helpful to my understanding of gender and republicanism was Ruth H. Bloch, "The Gendered Meaning of Virtue in Revolutionary America.", 197-208.

28 National Trades’ Union, April 20, 1835.

29 National Trades’ Union, March 26, 1836.

30 William English, "Oration Delivered at the Trades’ Union Celebration of the 4th of July," Radical Reformer and Working Man’s Advocate, Sept. 1, 1835, 123. (Italics in original)

31 Bruce Laurie, Working People of Philadelphia, 1800-1850, 111.

32 See Richard Stott’s, Workers in the Metropolis: Class, Ethnicity, and Youth in Antebellum New York City.

33 R.W. Connell, Gender and Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987), 183-184.

34 People v. Melvin 1809, in Commons, Documentary History vol. III, 285.

35 Methodist Magazine, Volume XVI, 1834, 456.

36 Morning Courier and New York Enquirer, April 11, 1836.

37 Pennsylvanian, March 28, 1836.

38 National Trades’ Union, March 26, 1836.

39 The Man, June 14, 1834.

40 The Man, June 14, 1834. (emphasis mine)

41 Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor, An Autobiography of Samuel Gompers edited by Nick Salvatore (New York: ILR press, 1984), 46-47.