Air Transportation Safety Resources Chapter 5

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5. Multiple Accidents and General Works

139. Abeyratne, Ruwantissa I.R. Emergent Commercial Trends and Aviation Safety. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1999. 370 pages. Some of the topics discussed in the book are as follows:

PART I HISTORY AND COMMERCIAL TRENDS
Competition Rules in Commercial Aviation
Introduction
“Open Skies” Policy
Market Access
Computer Reservation Systems in Air Transport
Nature of the Contract
Time and Place of Contract
Aircraft Leasing
Nature of Franchising
Aerospace Plane
Regulatory Provisions

PART II SAFETY AND AIR CARRIER LIABILITY
Safety in International Aviation
Historical Perspectives of Tortious
Air Carrier Liability
Radiation at High Altitude
Air Law Principles
The Warsaw System
The Aviation Industry and the Millennium Bug
Legal Liabilities

PART III CONCLUSION
General Conclusion

140. Air Line Pilot’s Association. ALPA Air Safety Manual: A Guide for ALPA Safety Representatives. Washington, DC: ALPA, 1985. Paged by section. Outlines and defines ALPA’s official stances on various issues involving air safety. Not a “how-to” manual.

141. Allward, Maurice F. Safety in the Air. London: Abelard-Schuman, 1967. 175 pages.

142. Aviation Safety Commission. Final Report and Recommendations. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988. Volume One contains the final report and recommendations by the Aviation Safety Commission to Congress concerning the effects of deregulation on air safety. Volume Two contains the staff background papers. The conclusions suggest that the nation’s air transportation system is safe, but less convenient for travelers after deregulation. After deregulation, the federal government’s role in monitoring and assuring the state of air safety has become more complex and the commission recommends the FAA be granted independent status (from the DOT) to more effectively deal with problems. No index. No bibliography. Many tables and graphs. The volumes are organized as follows:

Volume I

· Safety Inspection Programs

· Regional Airline Safety

· General Aviation in the Air Traffic Control System

· FAA Rulemaking

· Airport Safety and Capacity Use of Operations Research

Volume II

· Deregulation and Safety

· Margin of Safety

· FAA Safety Inspection Programs

· General Aviation in the Air Traffic Control System

· Airport Capacity and Airport Safety

· FAA Rulemaking

· Organizational Alternatives for the FAA

· The Airport and Airway Trust Fund

· Operations Research Capability of the FAA

· Human Resource Management

143. Aviation/Space Writers Association. Air Accidents and the Newswriter. 4^th ed. Washington, DC: Aviation/Space Writers Association, 1983. 30 pages. Brief book that covers media inquiry sources and ethical journalism in covering aircraft accidents and incidents. Good glossary and information resource list, although many of the telephone numbers will have changed by now. See also: Fensch, Associated Press Coverage of a Major Air Disaster; Vincent, When Technology Fails: The Drama of Airline Crashes in Network Television News.

144. Barlay, Stephen. Cleared for Takeoff: Behind the Scenes of Air Travel. London: Kylie Cathie, 1994. 262 pages.

145. Barlay, Stephen. The Final Call: Why Airline Disasters Continue to Happen. New York: Pantheon, 1990. 457 pages. Index. Bibliography. Illustrations. Extremely well-researched. Very few factual errors. The value of airline safety programs is discussed on pages 214 to 220. An anonymous executive of an international organization discusses the well-known safety record of Australia’s Qantas: “Qantas is always quoted as the safest. Well, maybe. But it would take Qantas a quarter of a century to fly as much as United does in a year! UAL had about one accident every four years-that’s one accident every four and a half million departures. On that basis, to match the UAL record, Qantas would have one fatal accident every thirty-two years, and would have to fly something like 128 years to equal UAL’s exposure to date.”(250) For additional coverage of United’s safety record, see Oster, Strong, and Zorn’s Why Airplanes Crash. For a work that is highly critical, see Stich’s The Real Unfriendly Skies. Among other topics, the following accidents and incidents are discussed in some detail:

· China B-747SP Feb. 19, 1985 (N4522V) West of San Francisco
Jet upset. See also: Stewart, Emergency.

· Eastern L-1011 May 5, 1983 (N334EA) East of Miami, FL
Incident: near ditching after multiple engine failures.

· British B-747 June 24, 1982 (G-BDXH) SE of Jakarta
Incident: volcanic ash encounter. See also: Tootell, “All Four Engines Have Failed!”

· Dan Air HS-748 June 26, 1981 (G-ASPL) Nailstone, Leics.

· Continental DC-10 March 1, 1978 (N68045) Los Angeles, CA
Rejected takeoff after multiple tire failures.

· Delta L-1011 Aug. 2, 1985 (N726DA) Dallas, TX
Wind shear. See also: Chandler, Fire and Rain.

· Lufthansa B-747 Nov. 20, 1974 (D-ABYB) Nairobi, Kenya
Attempted takeoff with retracted wing leading edge devices. See also: Moorhouse, Wake Up, It’s a Crash!

· Saudia L-1011 Aug. 19, 1980 (HZ-AHK) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
In flight fire.

· Air Canada DC-9 June 2, 1983 (C-FTLU) Cincinnati, OH
In flight fire.

· British Airtours B-737 Aug. 22, 1985 (G-BGJL) Manchester, England
Rejected takeoff.

· Air Florida B-737 Jan. 13, 1982 (N62AF) Washington, DC
Attempted takeoff with ice on the wings and ice covering the Pt2 probes which resulted in anomalous engine thrust readings.

· Arrow Air DC-8-63 Dec. 12, 1985 (N950JW) Gander, Newfoundland
Accident cause is still unknown, but failure to remove ice prior to takeoff is suspected.

· Ryan BE-1900C Nov. 23, 1987 (N401RA) Homer, AK

· Air Canada B-767 July 23, 1983 (C-GAUN) Gimli, Canada
Fuel exhaustion. See also: Hoffer, Freefall.

· Midwest Express DC-9 Sept. 6, 1985 (N100ME) Milwaukee, WI

· Air Illinois HS-748 Oct. 11, 1983 (N748LL) Pinckneyville, IL
Electrical system failure in instrument meteorological conditions.

· Aloha B-737-200 April 28, 1988 (N73711) near Maui
Large section of forward upper fuselage separated in flight due to fatigue.

· Japan B-747 Aug. 12, 1985 (JA8119) Mt. Ogura, Japan
Loss of hydraulics due to the improper repair of the aft pressure bulkhead which ruptured in flight.

· AeroMexico DC-9/ PA-28-181 Aug. 31, 1986 (XA-JED/unk) Cerritos, CA
Mid-air collision.

· Delta L-1011/ Continental B-747 July 8, 1987 (N1739D/N608PE) North Atlantic
Incident: near miss caused by navigational error.

· Japan B-747 Oct., 1987 (NA) Sakhalin Island
Incident: navigational error similar to KAL Flight 007.

· Pan American B-747/ KLM B-747 March 27, 1977 (N736PA/ PH-BUF) Tenerife, Canary Islands
Runway incursion. See also: Williams and Otis, Terror at Tenerife.

· Air India B-747 June 23, 1985 (VT-EFO) SW of Ireland
Sabotage. See also: Jiwa, The Death of Air India Flight 182.

· Northwest DC-9-82 Aug. 16, 1987 (N312RC) Detroit, MI
Attempted takeoff with the wing flaps and leading edge devices retracted.

· United DC-8-61 Dec. 28, 1978 (N8082U) Portland, OR
Fuel exhaustion.

· British Midland B-737 Jan. 8, 1989 (G-OBME) Kegworth
Wrong engine shut down after fire warning.

146. Bartelski, Jan. Disasters in the Air: Mysterious Air Disasters Explained. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife, 2001. 295 pages.

147. Beattie, John. Drama in the Air: Extraordinary True Stories of Daring. Jersey City, NJ: Parkwest Publications, 1992. 223 pages.

148. Belvoir Publications Staff. Aviation Safety’s Flying Circus. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB, 1989. 208 pages. Although this book is primarily for general aviation pilots, some of the accidents and incidents described involve corporate and airline aircraft. The last section, “Accident Data” (pages 197-213), lists each accident and incident described in the text by page number, date, place of occurrence, aircraft type, probable cause(s), and contributing factor(s). No index. No bibliography. Cartoons and photographs. Humorous, but very serious lessons can be learned from others’ misfortunate experiences related in this book.

149. Brookes, Andrew. Disaster in the Air. Middlesex: Ian Allan, 1992. 160 pages. A well-written and illustrated volume describing some of the most notorious air disasters. Runs the gamut from the Hindenburg to the Lockerbie accidents. Nicely complements Stewart’s Air Disasters. Bibliography. Index. Many half-tone photographs and diagrams. Among some others, Disaster in the Air covers the following commercial aircraft accidents in some detail:

· BSAA Tudor Jan. 30, 1948 (G-AHNB) east of Burma

· BSAA Tudor Jan. 17, 1949 (G-AGRE) near Bermuda

· KLM L-049 Oct. 20, 1948 (PH-TEN) Prestwick, Scotland

· Northeast DC-6A Feb. 1, 1957 (N34954) Rikers Island, NY

· British Airtours B-737 Aug. 22, 1985 (G-BGJL) Manchester, England

· Aloha B-737 April 28, 1988 (N73711) Maui, HI

· British BAC-111 June 10, 1990 (G-BJRT) Oxfordshire, England

· China B-747SP Feb. 19, 1985 (N4522V) northwest of San Francisco, CA

· BOAC DC-4M Argonaut June 24, 1956 (G-ALHE) Kano, Nigeria

· British B-747 June 24, 1982 (G-BDXH) southest of Jakarta

· Delta L-1011 Aug. 2, 1985 (N726DA) Dallas-Fort Worth, TX

· Flying Tigers B-747 Feb. 19, 1989 (N807FT) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

· Delta B-727 Aug. 31, 1988 (N473DA) Dallas-Fort Worth, TX

· Trans Colorado SA-227 Jan. 19, 1988 (N68TC) Durango, CO

· United DC-10 July 19, 1989 (N1819U) Sioux City, IA

· British Midland B-737-400 Jan. 8, 1989 (G-OBME) Kegworth, England

· Pan Am B-747 Dec. 21, 1988 (N739PA) Lockerbie, Scotland

· Avianca B-707 Jan. 25, 1990 (HK-2016) Cove Neck, NY

150. Capitelli, Anthony V. Airline Safety in the Decade of the 1990s. New York: Vantage Press, 1991. 91 pages. The underlying theme of this book is anti-deregulation, anti-hostile takeover, better maintenance, and better training for all operations personnel. Despite some flaws, it’s not a bad laundry list. However, this short volume offers little in the way of revelation in air safety matters as most of the prescriptions for preventing accidents are somewhat simplistic and not well thought out. No index. Some chapter notes.

151. Captain X, and Reynolds Dodson. Unfriendly Skies: Revelations of a Deregulated Airline Pilot. New York: Doubleday, 1989. 236 pages. Both the title and the pseudonym were used by two other authors long before this relatively innocuous volume was published. Some say that this book’s title was chosen to direct attention away from Rodney Stich’s hard-hitting and undiplomatic tome, The Real Unfriendly Skies. Overall, this book contains little that is new or prolific. No index. No bibliography.

152. Castellucci, Ron. Major Factors Contributing to Civil Accidents in the United States, 1950-1960. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, 1961. 37 pages. Brief book with many hand-drawn tables and graphs. Obviously dated, but interesting. Contains a chart which depicts the age of aircraft involved in accidents; most (28) were less than one year old. Seasonal and monthly accident data is tabulated on other charts, as well as a diurnal depiction accident statistics.

153. Cobb, Roger W., and David M. Primo. The Plane Truth: Airline Crashes, the Media, and Transportation Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003. 207 pages.

154. Collins, Richard L. Air Crashes: What Went Wrong, Why, and What Can be Done About It. New York: Macmillan, 1986. 244 pages. Index. No bibliography. Covers topics such as safety statistics, pilot factors, regulations and procedures, pilot error, wind shear, aircraft factors, collisions, and current problems in aviation safety. While this book is basically an enjoyable read, it is somewhat light in content. Mr. Collins seemed to forget basic journalistic procedures which concern the who, the what, and the when. Factual data about the accidents reviewed is sporadically missing from the text. For example, some accident summations are missing the dates of occurrence, others are missing the airline involved, and still others are minus the aircraft types or locations involved. I have culled the following list of accidents and incidents from the book, but some of the individual occurrences may be difficult to look up by using the index:

· Air Florida B-737 Jan. 13, 1982 (N62AF) Washington, DC

· Korean DC-10/ PA-31 Navajo Dec. 23, 1983 (HL-7339/N35206) Anchorage, AK

· TWA B-727-231 Dec. 1, 1974 (N54328) Berryville, VA
See also: Bailey, Cleared for the Approach; Shaw, Sound of Impact.

· PSA B-727/ C-172 Sept. 25, 1978 (N533PS/N7711G) San Diego, CA
See also: Chapman, Pilot Fatigue.

· Delta L-1011 Aug. 2, 1985 (N726DA) Dallas, Texas
See also: Chandler, Fire and Rain.

· US Air DC-9 June 13, 1984 (N964VJ) Detroit, MI

· Air Illinois HS-748 Oct. 11, 1983 (N748LL) Pinckneyville, IL

· Northwest B-727 Dec. 1, 1974 (N274US) Stony Point, NY

· Texas Int’l. CV-600 Sept. 28, 1973 (N94230) near Mena, AR

· Pan Am B-727 July 9, 1982 (N4737) New Orleans, LA

· United B-727 May 31, 1984 (N7647U) Denver, CO

· Eastern B-727-225 June 24, 1975 (N8845E) JFK, NY

· Southern DC-9 Nov. 14, 1970 (N97S) Huntington, WV

· Flying Tiger DC-8-63 Oct. 25, 1983 (N797FT) Norfolk, VA

· American B-727 April 27, 1976 (N1963) St. Thomas, VI

· American DC-10-10 May 25, 1979 (N110AA) Chicago, IL

· Zantop L-188 Electra May 30, 1984 (N5523) Chalkhill, PA

· Eastern L-1011 May 5, 1983 (N334EA) Miami, FL

· American B-707/C-150 Jan. 9, 1971 (N7595AA/N60942) Edison, NJ

· Hughes Airwest DC-9/ F-4B June 6, 1971 (N9345/NA) Duarte, CA

· Continental B-707/C-150 Aug. 4, 1971 (N47330/N61011) Compton, CA

· Delta CV-880/North Central DC-9 Dec. 20, 1972 (N8807E/N9549) Chicago, IL

North Central had an excellent safety record, as it never had a fatal accident with any of their DC-3s which were operated from 1951 to 1965.

155. Eddy, Paul, Elaine Potter, and Bruce Page. Destination Disaster: From the Tri-Motor to the DC-10-The Risk of Flying. New York: Quadrangle, 1976. 434 pages. Excellent coverage of the DC-10 cargo door problems, the American Airlines (N103AA) incident over Windsor, Ontario on June 12, 1972, and the Turk Hava Yollari (TC-JAV) crash outside of Paris on March 3, 1974. Also rates individual airlines by safety performance, although this information is seriously dated. For current coverage of how airlines fare in safety comparison data, see Oster, Strong, and Zorn, Why Airplanes Crash: Aviation Safety in a Changing World. For other books concerning the DC-10 controversy, see also: Dee, Souls On Board; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes: The Story of Flight 981.

156. Edwards, Allan. Flights Into Oblivion: Airline Accidents and the Development of Air Safety. McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 1993. 216 pages. One of the better books in this section (in no small part due to Edwards’ writing style) containing narratives of some of history’s most famous aircraft accidents. Diagrams, maps, and half-tone photographs. Bibliography. Index. Appendix 2 (pages. 199-210) contains a select chronological listing of accidents mentioned in the book from 1785 through 1989 and is too lengthy to be reproduced herein. Forward by R. E. G. Davies. The book is organized as follows:

· Lighter Than Air

· Take-off Accidents

· Structural Failure

· Mechanical Failure

· Ice and Tempest

· Beware the High Ground!

· The Crowded Sky

· Without Trace

· Spy-Plane 007

· Malice Aforethought

· On Rotary Wings

· Landing Accidents

· The Air Accident Investigation Branch (Appendix 1)

· Chronological Index of Accidents Included in Book (Appendix 2)

157. Forman, Patrick. Flying Into Danger: The Hidden Facts About Aircraft Safety. London: Heinemann, 1990. 247 pages. The book contains information on pilot error, fatigue, drug abuse, aerodynamic stalling, international regulation, volcanic ash and weather encounters, corporate liability, international cover-ups, communication breakdowns, airport safety, official secrecy in accident investigations, media coverage of accidents, the public’s right to know, EROPs (extended range overwater operations with twin-engined jet aircraft), multiple engine failures in flight, fire hazards, the “SAVE” System (a new self-contained cabin sprinkler system that is designed to make the cabin environment survivable longer in the event of a post-crash fire), and mid-air collision hazards. The author annoyingly refers to the Lockheed L-1011 as the “L-1-11.” Appendix I contains an aircraft accident “Survivor’s Guide.” Appendix II contains a summary of Captain Heino Caesar’s “Lufthansa World Accident Survey.” This survey, published in 1989, concerns large jet transport accident data since 1959, and it contains some surprising conclusions. Index. No bibliography. Some of the black and white photographs are grisly. The book discusses the following accidents and incidents in some detail:

· Invicta Vickers Vanguard April 10, 1973 (G-AXOP) Hochwald, Switzerland

· China B-747SP Feb. 19, 1985 (N4522V) NW of San Francisco

· Galaxy L-188 Electra Jan. 21, 1985 (N5532) Reno, NV

· Air Florida B-737 Jan. 13, 1982 (N62AF) Washington, DC

· United DC-8-61 Dec. 28, 1978 (N8082U) Portland, OR

· Delta L-1011/Continental B-747 July 8, 1987 (N1739D/N608PE) North Atlantic

· Continental Express SA227 Jan. 19, 1988 (N68TC) Bayfield, CO

· Turk Hava Yollari DC-10 March 5, 1974 (TC-JAV) near Paris, France
See also: Dee, Souls on Board; Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes.

· British B-747 June 24, 1982 (G-BDXH) SE of Jakarta
See also: Tootell, “All Four Engines Have Failed.”

· TWA B-727-31 April 4, 1979 (N840TW) Midland, MI

· Iberia DC-9/Spantax CV-990 March 5, 1973 (EC-BII/EC-BJC) Nantes, France

· Dan Air B-727 April 25, 1980 (G-BDAN) Tenerife

· Lufthansa B-747 Nov. 20, 1974 (D-ABYB) Nairobi, Kenya
See also: Moorhouse, Wake Up, It’s a Crash!

· TWA B-767 Jan. 16, 1988 (NA) North Atlantic

· Delta B-767 June 30, 1987 (NA) Los Angeles, CA

· United B-767 March 31, 1986 (NA) San Francisco, CA

· United B-767 Aug. 19, 1983 (NA) Denver, CO (same aircraft as above)

· British Midland B-737 Jan. 8, 1989 (G-OBME) near East Midland Airport

· TWA B-747 July , 1989 (NA) near Greenland

· Eastern L-1011 May 5, 1983 (N334EA) near Miami, FL

· United B-747 May 2, 1988 (NA) near Tokyo, Japan

· Spantax DC-10 Sept. 13, 1982 (EC-DEG) Malaga, Spain

· Varig B-707 July 11, 1973 (P.S-VJZ) Paris, France

· Saudia L-1011 Aug. 19, 1980 (HZ-AHK) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

· KLM B-747/Pan Am B-747 March 27, 1977 (PH-BUF/N736PA) Tenerife, Canary Islands
See also: Williams and Otis, Terror at Tenerife.

· British Airtours B-737 Aug. 22, 1985 (G-BGJL) Manchester

· Air Canada DC-9 June 2, 1983 (C-FTLU) Cincinnati, OH

· US Air B-737-400 Sept. 20, 1989 (N416US) New York, NY

158. Frank, Beryl. Plane Crashes. New York: Bell Publishing, 1981. 80 pages. Covers forty air disasters with over 100 half-tone photographs. Chronologically listed. No index. No bibliography. This book is listed because of its good photographic coverage of the accidents, but with a bent on portraying the more grisly aspects. Most of the text, however, is very brief and amateurishly written, and the causes of many of the accidents are mistakenly proclaimed as being undetermined.

159. Gandt, Robert. Skygods: The Fall of Pan Am. 2^nd ed. McLean, VA: Paladwr Press, 1999. 280 pages. Contains good coverage of some of Pan Am’s series of eleven B-707 accidents in as many years in the ‘60s and ‘70s as well as the demise of Pan Am from a pilot’s perspective.

160. Garrett, Richard. Flight Into Mystery: Reports from the Dark Side of the Sky. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986. 191 pages.

161. Godson, John. Unsafe at Any Height. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970. 191 pages. This work is highly critical of airline safety. Chapter 7 discusses the design problems which led to disasters involving several aircraft types including the Electra, Comet, B-707, DC-8, DC-6, DC-7, Caravelle, Viscount, B-727, Trident, and BAC-111. Other chapters discuss cabin safety (including discussions of seat design and strength and the adequacy of emergency exits), the safety of JP-4 fuel vs. Jet A, human factors (including a discussion of altimeter misreading), mid-air collision hazards, airline profits vs. safety, airport safety, the safety of charter operations, and clear air turbulence. The book also contains a very dated list of the relative safety of the major carriers (pages 139-142). No index. No bibliography. Very brief references on the bottom of the applicable pages. No photographs. Among others, the book discusses the following accidents in some detail:

· United B-727 Nov. 11, 1965 (N7030U) Salt Lake City, UT

· British Midland DC-4M June 4, 1967 (G-ALGH) Stockport, England

· BEA Viscount Jan. 16, 1955 (G-AMOK) London, England

· Trans Canada DC-8 Nov. 6, 1963 (CF-TJM) London, England

· Northeast DC-6A Feb. 1, 1957 (N34954) Rikers Island, NY
See also: Moscow, Tiger on a Leash.

· CSA IL-18 July 12, 1961 (OK-PAF) Casablanca, Morroco

· Imperial Airlines L-049 Nov. 8, 1961 (N2737A) Richmond, VA

· Panair do Brasil DC-8 Aug. 20, 1962 (P.S-PDT) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

· TWA B-707-331 Nov. 23, 1964 (N769TW) Rome, Italy
See also: Lowell, Airline Safety is a Myth.

· United CV-340 Jan. 19, 1955 (N73154) Dexter, IA

· Western CV-240 Feb. 13, 1958 (N8405H) near Palm Springs, CA

· Capital Viscount 745 April 6, 1958 (N7437) Freeland, MI

· Pan Am B-707 July 12, 1959 (N707P) New York, NY

· Pan Am DC-4 April 11, 1952 (N88899) near San Juan, PR

· Pan Am B-707 Dec. 8, 1963 (N709PA) Elkton, MD

· General Airways DC-3 Feb. 1, 1959 (N17314) near Kerrville, TX

· Arctic-Pacific C-46F Oct. 29, 1960 (N1244N) Toledo, OH

· Asociacian Interamericana PBY-5A Dec. 8, 1956 (HK-133) Bogota, Columbia

· Flying Tiger Line L-1049H Sept. 23, 1962 (N6923C) North Atlantic

· Compagnie Air Nautic B-307 Stratoliner Dec. 29, 1962 (I-BELZ) Corsica

· Independent Air Travel England Vikers Viking Sept. 2, 1958 (G-AIJE) London, England

162. Goldstein, Avram. Flying Out of Danger: A Pilot’s Guide to Safety. Long Beach, CA: Airguide Publications, 1984. 140 pages. This small volume briefly discusses sixty-four accident reports and thirteen other publications of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Mostly discusses airline accidents and how the investigations can lead to safer operations in the general aviation sector. The names of the airlines involved in the accidents are not identified, though the NTSB report number is given for reference. No bibliography. No index. Tables, graphs, and diagrams. List of acronyms. The book is organized as follows:

· Learning from Statistics

· Preflight Preparations for a Safe Trip

· Takeoff Safety

· Safety Enroute

· Safety at the Destination

· Special Lessons About IFR Safety

· The Human Factor in Safe Flying

163. Golich, Vicki Lynne. The Political Economy of International Air Safety: Design for Disaster? New York: St. Martins, 1989. 192 pages.

164. Grayson, David. Terror in the Skies: The Inside Story of the World’s Worst Air Crashes. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel, 1988. 228 pages. Basically a discussion of accidents. No index. No bibliography. The various chapters discuss the following accidents:

· Continental DC-10 March 1, 1978 (N68045) Los Angeles, CA

· Pan Am B-747/KLM B-747 March 27, 1977 (N736PA/PH-BUF) Tenerife, Canary Islands
See also: Williams and Otis, Terror at Tenerife.

· PSA B-727/C-172 Sept. 25, 1978 (N533PS/N7711G) San Diego, CA
See also: Chapman, Pilot Fatigue.

· Western DC-10 Oct. 31, 1979 (N903WA) Mexico City, Mexico

· United DC-8-61 Dec. 28, 1978 (N8082U) Portland, OR

· Eastern L-1011 Dec. 29, 1972 (N310EA) near Miami, FL

· Turk Hava Yollari DC-10 March 5, 1974 (TC-JAV) near Paris, France
See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster: From the Tri-Motor to the DC-10: The Risk of Flying; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes: The Story of Flight 981.

· Eastern B-727 June 24, 1975 (N8845E) New York City, NY

· Pan Am B-727 July 9, 1982 (N4737) New Orleans, LA

· Southern DC-9 April 4, 1977 (N1335U) New Hope, GA
See also: Purl, Am I Alive?

· Air Canada DC-9 June 2, 1983 (C-FTLU) Cincinnati, OH

· Aerolineas Argentinas B-707 Feb. 20, 1981 (NA) New York City, NY
Incident-nearly collided with the World Trade Center.

· American DC-10 May 25, 1979 (N110AA) Chicago, IL
See also: Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case.

· TWA B-727-031 April 4, 1979 (N840TW) Midland, MI

· Korean B-747 Sept. 1, 1983 (HL7442) near Sakhalin Island
See also: Hersh, The Target is Destroyed.

· Air Florida B-737 Jan. 13, 1982 (N62AF) Washington, DC
Attempted takeoff with ice on the wings and ice covering the Pt2 probes which resulted in anomalous engine thrust readings.

· PSA BAe 146 Dec. 7, 1987 (N350PS) Paso Robles, CA
A disgruntled former PSA employee (still retaining his ID badge) was unchallenged by airport security. He boarded the airplane with a gun, shot both pilots, and the aircraft crashed with the loss of all aboard.

165. Haine, Edgar A. Disaster in the Air. New York: Cornwall Books, 2000. 394 pages.

166. Halacy, D. S., Jr. America’s Major Air Disasters: Graphic True Stories of Heroism, Terror, and Death in the Skies. Derby, CT: Monarch Books, 1961. 139 pages. Covers six major aircraft accidents of the 1950’s.

167. Heller, William. Airline Safety: A View from the Cockpit. Rev. ed. Half-Moon Bay, CA.: Rulorca Press, 1986. 148 pages. Short volume which considers some of the more recent airline accidents from the author’s point of view. Airline accidents are rarely simplistic occurrences which counters Heller’s implication that if he had been on the flight deck, they never would have happened. With very few exceptions, the captains involved in accidents were good, conservative, and safety-conscious pilots who were overcome by circumstances not readily foreseen. Heller takes much solace in making it to retirement without succumbing to an aircraft accident--the vast majority of airline pilots do likewise. No index. No bibliography.

168. Job, MacArthur. Air Crash: The Story of How Australia’s Airways Were Made Safe. 2 vols. Weston Creek, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publishers, 1991. Volume 1 covers fifteen fatal accidents during the period from 1921 to 1939. Volume 2 covers fourteen more fatal accidents in Australia’s history from World War II until 1969. Unknown to most, Qantas did have a couple of fatal accidents in its very early years.

169. Job, MacArthur. Air Disaster. 4 vols. Weston Creek, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publishers, 1995, 1996, 1999 and 2001. Volume 1 contains 183 pages. Volume 2 contains 218 pages. Volume 3 contains 188 pages. Volume 4 contains 184 pages. Distributed in the United States by the Osceola, Wisconsin firm of Motorbooks International. Excellent half-tone photographs and much artwork specifically commissioned for the volumes make Air Disaster a unique work in air safety. Disappointments include the lack of an index and a bibliography, though some chapters have end notes. All volumes are paperbound. Unique, well-done, and highly recommended.

Volume 1 covers the following accidents in detail:

· BOAC Comet 1 Jan. 10, 1954 (G-ALYP) near Elba

· BOAC Comet 1 April 8, 1954 (G-ALYY) near Naples, Italy

· Northwest B-720B Feb. 12, 1963 (N724US) near Miami, FL

· Swissair Caravelle Sept. 4, 1963 (HB-ICV) near Durrenasch, Switzerland

· American B-727-123 Nov. 8, 1965 (N1996) Cincinnati, OH

· BOAC B-707-436 March 5, 1966 (G-APFE) Mt. Fuji, Japan

· Braniff BAC-111 Aug, 6, 1966 (N1553) Falls City, NE

· BOAC B-707-465 April 8, 1968 (G-ARWE) London Heathrow

· ONA DC-9-33F May 2, 1970 (N935F) near St. Croix

· Capitol DC-8-63 Nov. 27, 1970 (N4909C) Anchorage, AK

· Delta DC-9-14 May 30, 1972 (N3305L) Dallas, TX

· BEA Trident 1 June 18, 1972 (G-ARPI) London

· Eastern L-1011 Dec. 29, 1972 (N310EA) near Miami, FL

· National DC-10-10 Nov. 3, 1973 (N60NA) near Socorro, NM

· Pan Am B-707-321B Jan. 30, 1974 (N454PA) Pago Pago, American Samoa

· THY DC-10-10 March 3, 1974 (TC-JAV) near Paris, France

· American DC-10-10 June 12, 1972 (N103AA) near Detroit, MI

· Northwest B-727-251 Dec. 1, 1974 (N247US) Thiells, NY

· American B-727-95 April 17, 1976 (N1963) St. Thomas, Virgin Islands

· Pan Am B-747/KLM B-747 March 27, 1977 (N736PA/PH-BUF) Tenerife, Canary Islands

Volume 2 covers the following accidents in detail:

· Southern DC-9-31 April 4, 1977 (N1335U) New Hope, GA

· PSA B-727-214/C-172 September 25, 1978 (N533PS/N7711G) San Diego, CA

· United DC-8-61 December 28, 1978 (N8082U) Portland, OR

· American DC-10-10 May 25, 1979 (N110AA) Chicago, IL

· Air New Zealand DC-10-30 November 28, 1979 (ZK-NZP) Mt. Erebus, Antarctica

· Air Florida B-737-222 January 13, 1982 (N62AF) Washington, DC

· British Airways B-747-236B June 24, 1982 (G-BDXH) near Jakarta, Indonesia

· Pan Am B-727-235 July 9, 1982 (N4737) New Orleans, LA

· Air Canada DC-9-32 June 2, 1983 (C-FTLU) near Cincinnati, OH

· Japan Air Lines B-747SR-46 August 12, 1985 (JA8119) Mt. Osutaka, Japan

· Aloha B-737-297 April 28, 1988 (N73711) Maui, Hawaiian Islands

· British Midland B-737-4YO January 8, 1989 (G-OBME) Kegworth, England

· United DC-10-10 July 19, 1989 (N1819U) Sioux City, IA

· Lauda Air B-767-3Z9ER May 26, 1991 (OE-LAV) 95 nm northwest of Bangkok, Thailand

Volume 3 covers the following accidents in detail:

· Air France A320-111 June 26, 1988 (F-GFKC) Habsheim, France

· Indian Airlines A320-231 February 14, 1990 (VT-EPN) Bangalore, India

· Air Inter A320-111 January 20, 1992 (F-GGED) Strasbourg, France

· United B-747-122 February 24, 1989 (N4713U) near Honolulu, HI

· Air Ontario F-28-1000 March 10, 1989 (C-FDNF) Dryden, Canada

· United B-737-291 March 3, 1991 (N999UA) Colorado Springs, CO

· USAir B-737-3B7 September 8, 1994 (N513AU) near Aliquippa, PA

· USAir F-28-4000 March 22, 1992 (N485US) La Guardia, NY

· Thai Airways International A-310-304 July 31, 1992 (HS-TID) Kathmandu, Nepal

· Pakistan International Airlines A300B4-2C September 28, 1992 (AP-BCP) Kathmandu, Nepal

· Aeroflot A310-3D8 March 22, 1994 (F-OGQS) Mazhdurechensk, Russia

· China Airlines A300B4-622R April 26, 1994 (B-1816) Nagoya, Japan

· China Airlines A300B4-622R February 16, 1998 (B-1814) Taipei, Taiwan

Volume 4: The Propeller Era covers the following accidents in detail:

· British South American Airways Avro Tudor 4 January 29, 1948 (G-AHNP) northeast of Bermuda

· British South American Airways Avro Tudor 4 January 17, 1949 (G-AGRE) between Jamaica and Bermuda

· Fairflight Ltd. Avro Tudor 5 March 12, 1950 (G-AKBY) Wales, UK

· Pan Am B-377 Stratocruiser April 28, 1952 (N1039V) Barreiras region, Brazil

· KLM L-1049C Super Constellation September 5, 1954 (PH-LKY) River Shannon, Ireland

· LAI DC-6B December 18, 1954 (I-LINE) Jamaica, NY

· United DC-6 April 4, 1955 (N37512) Islip, NY

· Peninsula Air Transport C-54 November 17, 1955 (N88852) Riverton, WA

· Eastern L-749 Constellation December 21, 1955 (N112A) Jacksonville, FL

· Northwest B-377 Stratocruiser April 2, 1956 (N74608)

· TWA L-1049G Super Constellation (N6902C/United DC-7 (N6324C) June 30, 1956 Grand Canyon, CO

· Trans Canada Vickers Viscount 700 July 9, 1956 (CF-TGR) Flat Rock, MI

· Pan Am B-377 Stratocruiser October 16, 1956 (N90943) Pacific Ocean

· Pan Am B-377 Stratocruiser November 9, 1957 (N90904) Pacific Ocean

· USAF MATS C-97 August 8, 1957 Hawaii

· American L-188 Electra February 3, 1959 (N6101A) East River, NY

· Braniff L-188 Electra September 29, 1959 (N9705C) Buffalo, TX

· Northwest L-188 Electra March 17, 1960 (N121US) Cannelton, IN

· Eastern L-188 Electra October 4, 1960 (N5533) Boston, MA

· Northwest L-188 Electra September 17, 1961 (N137US) Chicago, IL

· Imperial L-049 Constellation November 8, 1961 (N2737A) Richmond, VA

· British Midland Canadair C-4 Argonaut June 4, 1967 (G-ALHG) Stockport, Manchester, UK

· BEA Vickers Viscount 700 August 9, 1968 (G-ATFN) Langenbruk, Germany

· BEA Vickers Vanguard October 2, 1971 (G-APEC) West Flanders, Belgium

170. Johnson, George. The Abominable Airlines. New York: Macmillan, 1964. 302 pages. Still interesting from an historical point of view, The Abominable Airlines is not just a collection of aircraft accidents bundled between two covers, it also displays insight into airline management and political issues of the day. While some of the problems discussed still exist today, such as noise abatement, predictions such as the airlines being forced to spend the astronomical sum of $25,000,000 for each copy a 2,000 mph. SST are amusing. Today, a new B-747-400 is priced at about $160,000,000. The title may be too strong to reflect the book’s contents. Index. No bibliography.

171. Kane, Robert M. Air Transportation. 14^th ed. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt, 2003. 751 pages. Primarily designed as a text for college-level courses in air transportation, it nevertheless contains good coverage of the NTSB and recent airline accidents.

172. Knight, Clayton, and K. S. Knight. Plane Crash: The Mysteries of Major Air Disasters and How They Were Solved. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton, 1958. 213 pages. Index. No bibliography. Photographs. The book is organized as follows:

· Probing the Disaster on Rikers Island

· Bombing Disasters

· Unsolved Crashes

· Collision Hazards

· Mechanical Faults

· Fire Hazards in Flight

· Human Error

· Comets

· Some Strange Accidents

The book covers the following accidents in some detail:

· Northeast DC-6A Feb. 1, 1957 (N34954) Rikers Island, NY
See also: Moscow, Tiger On a Leash.

· Canadian Pacific DC-3 Sept. 9, 1949 (CF-CUA) near Quebec, Canada

· United DC-6B Nov. 1, 1955 (N37559) Longmont, CO

· Canadian Pacific DC-4 July 21, 1951 (CF-CPC) North Pacific

· Northwest DC-4 June 23, 1950 (N95425) Benton Harbor, MI

· United DC-7/TWA L-1049 June 30, 1956 (N6324C/N6902C) Grand Canyon, AZ

· Continental DC-3/C-170B Sept. 9, 1956 (N33315/unk) Bartlesville, OK

· Pan Am L-749/C-140 Jan. 30, 1949 (NC86530/unk) Port Washington, NY

· Trans Canada Viscount July 9, 1956 (CF-TGR) Flat Rock, MI

· Resort C-46F Sept. 28, 1953 (N66532) Louisville, KY

· North Continent C-46E Dec. 20, 1951 (N59487) Cobourg, Ontario

· TWA L-049 July 11, 1946 (NC86513) Reading, PA

· United DC-6 Oct. 24, 1947 (NC37510) Bryce Canyon, UT

· American DC-6 Nov. 11, 1947 (NC90741) Gallup, NM

· United DC-6 June 17, 1948 (NC37506) Mt. Carmel, PA

· American CV-240 Sept. 16, 1953 (N94255) Albany, NY

· TWA Martin 404 Nov. 15, 1956 (N40404) Las Vegas, NV

· United DC-4 Oct. 6, 1955 (N30062) Medicine Bow Peak, WY

· Eastern DC-3 Feb. 26, 1941 (NA) Atlanta, GA
Note: Eddie Rickenbacker was a passenger on this airplane.

· Trans Canada L-1049 Dec. 17, 1954 (CF-TGG) Toronto, Canada

· Maritime Central DC-4 Aug. 11, 1957 (CF-MCF) Issoudon, Canada

· Pan Am B-377 Oct. 16, 1956 (N90943) Pacific Ocean

· BOAC Comet 1 Jan. 10, 1954 (G-ALYP) near Elba
See also: Dempster, The Tale of the Comet.

· South African Comet 1 Aug. 8, 1954 (G-ALYY) near Naples, Italy
See also: Dempster, The Tale of the Comet.

· Miami Airlines C-46 Dec. 16, 1951 (N1678M) Elizabeth, NJ

· American CV-240 Jan. 22, 1952 (N94229) Elizabeth, NJ

· National DC-6 Feb. 11, 1952 (N90891) Elizabeth, NJ

173. Kysor, Harley D. Aircraft in Distress: Manual of Air Survival. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton, 1956. 432 pages. Contains the following sections:

· Air Search & Rescue

· Safety

· Emergencies and Evacuations

· Rescue Interception

· Emergency Landings

· Ditching

· Survival

174. Lampton, Christopher. Flying Safe? New York: Franklin Watts, 1986. 88 pages. Index. Bibliography on pages 83-84. For younger readers, but adults will enjoy the book also.

175. Launay, Andre Joseph. Historic Air Disasters. London: Ian Allan, 1967. 171 pages. Covers accidents by phases of flight, sabotage, collisions, etc. Contains a listing of fatal commercial aviation accidents from 1964 through 1965. Also contains a listing of commercial jet crashes from 1961 through 1965. Covers the Comet disasters on pages 32-46. For additional Comet coverage, see also: Dempster, The Tale of the Comet. Photographs. Index. Brief bibliography.

175a. Liefer, G.P. Broken Wings: Tragedy and Disaster in Alaska Civil Aviation. Blaine, WA: Hancock House, 2003. 304 pages.

176. Lowell, Vernon W. Airline Safety Is a Myth. New York: Bartholomew House, 1967. 242 pages. Full account of the TWA B-707-331 (N769TW) rejected takeoff accident at Rome’s Fiumicino Airport on November 23, 1964. The author was the pilot-in-command of this aircraft. The author explores other areas of airline safety as well. Also, a useful statistical tabulation of airline accidents from 1960 through 1965 is included in the Appendix. No index. No bibliography. A second edition Bantam paperback was published in 1968, but this edition contains no photographs.

177. Lowell, Vernon W. What You Should Know About Airline Safety. Stuart, FL: V. W. Lowell, 1981. 199 pages.

178. Macha, G. Pat, and Don Jordan. Aircraft Wrecks in the Mountains and Deserts of California:1909-2002. 3^rd ed. Lake Forest, CA: Info Net, 2002. 528 pages. Covers more than 1,300 crash sites in California.

179. MacPherson, Malcolm, Ed. The Black Box: Cockpit Voice Recorder Accounts of Nineteen Inflight Accidents. New York: William Morrow, 1984. 128 pages. No index. No bibliography. Contains the transcripts of the cockpit voice recordings from the following aircraft accidents and incidents:

· Southern DC-9-31 April 4, 1977 (N1335U) New Hope, GA
Hail and heavy rain caused both engines to overheat and fail. See also: Purl, Am I Alive?

· United DC-8-61 Dec 28, 1978 (N8082U) Portland, OR
Fuel exhaustion.

· Air Florida B-737-222 Jan. 13, 1982 (N62AF) Washington, DC Attempted takeoff with ice on the wings and ice covering the Pt2 probes which resulted in anomalous engine thrust readings.

· Eastern L-1011 (incident) May 5, 1983 (N334EA) near Miami, FL
Multiple engine failures resulted in a near ditch.

· Air Canada DC-9 June 2, 1983 (C-FTLU) Cincinnati, OH
In flight fire.

· American DC-10 (incident) June 12, 1972 (N103AA) near Detroit, MI
Cargo door opened in flight resulting in the collapse of the floor and the binding of the tail surface control cables and the throttle cable which controls the number two engine. Aircraft landed safely at Detroit, MI. See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10.

· Turk Hava Yollari DC-10 March 3, 1974 (TC-JAV) near Paris, France Same scenario as American DC-10 above, but the aircraft dove into a forest with the loss of all 346 on board. See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes.

· Pan Am B-707-321C Nov. 3, 1973 (N458PA) Boston, MA
In flight fire caused by improperly packaged hazardous materials.

· Southern DC-9 Nov. 14, 1970 (N97S) near Huntington, WV

· Northwest B-727-251 Dec. 1, 1974 (N274US) Stony Point, NY
Inflight icing of the pitot-static system which resulted in anomalous airspeed indications. Aircraft stalled in climb and recovery was not effected.

· Republic DC-9-80 April 2, 1983 (NA) near Bryce, UT
Incident-near fuel exhaustion.

· North Central CV-580 Dec. 27, 1968 (N2405) Chicago, IL

· TWA B-707-331C July 26, 1969 (N787TW) Pomona, NJ
Training flight. A hydraulic system failure occurred while practicing flight with two engines on one wing throttled back to simulate their failures. Minimum controllable airspeed rose to a value higher than the aircraft’s airspeed at the time of the rudder boost failure, and the airplane turned and dove into the ground with the loss of all aboard. A classic example of the value of flight simulators in providing flight training in emergency situations.

· Texas International CV-600 Sept. 27, 1973 (N94230) near Mena, AR

· United B-727-22C Jan. 18, 1969 (N7434U) near Los Angeles, CA
Loss of electrical power occurred at night in instrument meteorological conditions. Aircraft departed LAX with one generator inoperative and lost an engine (of course, not the one with the inoperative generator) after takeoff. The one remaining generator became overloaded and all the lights went out. The aircraft was flown into the Pacific Ocean with the loss of all aboard. This accident precipitated the requirement that all transport category aircraft must have a standby attitude indicator which is powered by an independent source.

· Allegheny CV-580 June 7, 1971 (N5832) New Haven, CT

· Eastern L-1011 Dec. 29, 1972 (N310EA) near Miami, FL
Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) after the flightcrew became preoccupied with the inoperative nose gear down and locked light.

· Mohawk BAC-111 June 23, 1967 (N1116J) near Blossburg, PA

· Eastern DC-9 Sept. 11, 1974 (8984E) Charlotte, NC

180. MacPherson, Malcolm, Ed. The Black Box : All-New Cockpit Voice Recorder Accounts of In-Flight Accidents. 2^nd ed. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1998. 224 pages. Contains the CVR transcripts of the following accidents:

1.     East Granby, Connecticut--November 12, 1995 American Airlines MD-80
2.     Lima, Peru--October 2, 1996 AeroPeru B-757
3.     Ban Nong Waeng, Thailand--May 26, 1991 Lauda Air B-767
4.     San Diego, California--September 25, 1978 Pacific Southwest Airlines B-727
5.     Sakhalin, Russia--September 1, 1983 Korean Air B-747
6.     Indian Ocean Descent--November 18, 1987 South African Airways B-747
7.     Cove Neck, New York--January 25, 1991 Avianca B-707
8.     Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic--February 6, 1996 Birgen Air B-757
9.     Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska--September 22, 1995 E-3A (B-707)
10. Amsterdam, Netherlands--October 4, 1992 El Al B-747
11. Nagoya-Komaki International Airport, Japan--April 26,1994 China Airlines A300
12. Cheju Island Airport, South Korea--August 10, 1994 Korean Air A300
13. Tokyo-Haneda Airport, Japan--August 12, 1985 Japan Airlines B-747

14. Mulhouse-Habsheim, France--June 26, 1988 Air France A320
15. Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas--August 2, 1985 Delta Air Lines L-1011
16. Kelly Air Force Base, Texas--October 4, 1986 Southern Air Transport (Logair) L-382G
17. Carrollton, Georgia--August 21, 1995 Atlantic Southeast Airlines EMB-120RT
18. Nashville, Tennessee-February 3, 1988 American Airlines MD-80
19. Pine Bluff, Arkansas-April 29, 1993 Continental Express (Jetlink) EMB-120RT
20. Anchorage, Alaska--March 31, 1993 Japan Airlines B-747
21. Roselawn, Indiana--October 31, 1994 American Eagle ATR-72
22. Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas--August 31, 1988 Delta Air Lines B-727
23. Cape Canaveral, Florida--January 28, 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger
24. Cali,Colombia--December 20, 1995 American Airlines B-757
25. Miami, the Everglades--May 11, 1996 ValuJet DC-9
26. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania--September 8, 1994 USAir B-737
27. Kahului, Hawaii--April 28, 1988 Aloha Airlines B-737
28. Sioux City, Iowa-July 19, 1989 United Airlines DC-10

181. Mallan, Lloyd. Great Air Disasters. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Publications, 1962. 144 pages. Many black and white photographs. The book is organized as follows:

· “G-Men of the Airways”

· “Mystery of the Electras”

· “Expeditions to Brazil”

· “Case of the Open Cowl Flaps”

· “Mid-Air Collision!”

· “Were These Tragedies in Vain?”

· “Some Get Out Alive”

Some of the accidents discussed in depth are:

· Eastern L-188 Electra Oct. 4, 1960 (N5533) Boston Harbor, MA

· Northwest L-188 Electra March 17, 1960 (N121U) Tell City, IN

· Braniff L-188 Electra Sept. 29, 1959 (N9705C) Buffalo, TX

· Pan Am B-377 April 29, 1952 (N1039V) Carolina, Brazil

· Northwest B-377 April 2, 1956 (N74608) Puget Sound, WA

· United DC-7/TWA L-1049 June 30, 1956 (N6324C/N6902C) Grand Canyon, AZ

· Douglas Aircraft Co. DC-7/F-89J Jan. 31, 1957 (N8210H/52-1870) Sunland, CA

· United DC-7/F-100F April 21, 1958 (NN6328C/NA) Las Vegas, NV

· Capital Viscount 745/T-33 May 20, 1958 (N7410/NA) near Brunswick, MD

· United DC-8/TWA L-1049 Dec. 16, 1960 (N8013U/N6907C) Staten Island, NY

182. Marx, Joseph Laurence. Crisis in the Skies. New York: David McKay, 1970. 274 pages. An overview of the safety problems faced by the airline industry in the 1960s. No index. No bibliography. Photographs. The book is organized as follows:

The Crisis
The Planes
The Airports
Whose Air? Whose Airports?
Rating the Airports
In Control, Out of Control?
Unglamorous, Profitable Cargo
Sonic Boom or Bust
The Business of Flying
How Safe Is Safe? I. In the Air
How Safe Is Safe? II. On the Ground
What Can We Do About It?

183. McClement, Fred. It Doesn’t Matter Where You Sit. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1969. 238 pages. Index. No bibliography. This book is highly critical of aviation safety. Safety topics include: cabin safety, airport safety, wind shear, mid-air collisions, a chapter on the Boeing 727’s early problems, among others. This book contains reports of the following accidents in good detail:

· Pan Am B-707-321 Dec. 8, 1963 (N709PA) Elkton, MD
Lightning entering the surge tank fuel vent caused an explosion which resulted in the separation of the outer portion of the left wing in flight.

· Braniff BAC-111 Aug. 6, 1966 (N1553) Falls City, NB
In flight break-up due to thunderstorm turbulence. Captain decided to penetrate a flanking cloud in a squall line at night at a low altitude. A tornado was reported in the immediate vicinity just after the accident. Unlike most structural failures in areas of thunderstorm activity, this aircraft did not break-up after a loss of control; the gust was sudden and its velocity far exceeded the maximum design gust load that the airplane was engineered to survive.

· United B-720 (incident) July 12, 1963 (na) O’Neill, NB

· Trans Canada DC-8F Nov. 29, 1963 (CF-TJN) Montreal, Canada

· United B-727 Nov. 11, 1965 (N7030U) Salt Lake City, UT

· United Viscount 745D July 9, 1964 (N7405) near Parrottsville, TN

· United DC-8 July 11, 1961 (N8040U) Denver, CO

· American B-727 Nov. 8, 1965 (N1996) Cincinnati, OH

· United B-727 Aug. 16, 1965 (N7036U) Lake Michigan

· All Nippon B-727 Feb. 4, 1966 (JA8302) Tokyo Bay

· Eastern DC-8 (incident) Nov. 9, 1963 (N8603) near Houston, TX

· BEA Comet 4B Dec 21, 1961 (G-ARJM) Ankara, Turkey

· Northwest B-720B Feb. 12, 1963 (N724US) Everglades, FL

· Eastern DC-8 Feb. 25, 1964 (N8607) New Orleans, LA

· TWA DC-9/B-55 Baron March 9, 1967 (N1063T/N6127V) near Urbana, OH

184. McClement, Fred. Jet Roulette: Flying Is a Game of Chance. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978. 189 pages. Aircraft accident listing. This book is highly critical of airline safety. Includes chapters on the B-747’ early problems (pages 41-46), the DC-10’s problems (pages 47-97), weather hazards including an early treatment of wind shear, collisions and near misses, human factors, cabin safety, the transport of hazardous materials, and jets and the environment, among other topics. No index. No bibliography. The DC-10 chapter also includes a discussion of the National Airlines (N60NA) uncontained engine failure over Socorro, New Mexico on November 3, 1973 in which one passenger was sucked out of a window and never found. The following accidents are covered in some detail:

· British Trident/Inex Adria DC-9 Sept. 10, 1976 (G-AWZT/YU-AJR) Zagreb, Yugoslavia
See also: Weston and Hurst, Zagreb One-Four: Cleared to Collide?

· Pan Am B-747/KLM B-747 March 27, 1977 (N736PA/PH-BUF) Tenerife, Canary Islands
See also: Williams and Otis, Terror at Tenerife.

· Pan Am B-747 Sept. 18, 1970 (N743PA) San Francisco, CA

· Northwest B-747 May 13, 1971 (N607US) Honolulu, HI

· Pan Am B-747 July 30, 1971 (N747PA) San Francisco, CA

· Lufthansa B-747 Nov. 20, 1974 (D-ABYB) Nairobi, Kenya
See also: Moorhouse, Wake Up, It’s a Crash!

· Japan Air Lines B-747 Dec. 16, 1975 (JA-8122) Anchorage, AK

· American DC-10-10 June 12, 1972 (N103AA) Detroit, MI
See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes.

· Turk Hava Yollari DC-10 March 5, 1974 (TC-JAV) Paris, France
Rear cargo door opened in flight, collapsing the floor through which many vital control cables run. In a shallow dive, the aircraft crashed in a forest at almost 500 miles per hour. See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes.

· National DC-10-10 Nov. 3, 1973 (N60NA) Socorro, NM

· Iberia DC-10-30 Dec. 17, 1973 (EC-CBN) Boston, MA

· Eastern B-727-225 June 24, 1975 (N8845E) New York, NY

· United B-727 Nov. 16, 1969 (na) Detroit, MI
This is the strangest chapter in the book describing a rapid updraft encounter incident known as an “ascending wave?”

· Northwest B-727 Dec. 1, 1974 (N247US) Theills, NY

· Southern DC-9 April 4, 1977 (N1335U) New Hope, GA
See also: Purl, Am I Alive?

· Eastern L-1011 Dec. 29, 1972 (N310EA) West of Miami, FL
See also: Elder, Crash; Fuller, The Ghost of Flight 401.

· Eastern DC-9 Sept. 11, 1974 (N8984E) Charlotte, NC
See also: Stockton, Final Approach.

· Pan Am B-707 Jan. 30, 1974 (N454PA) Pago Pago, American Samoa
See also: Godson, Clipper 806; Norris, Willful Misconduct.

· Pan Am B-707 Nov. 3, 1973 (N458PA) Boston, MA

185. Munley, Frank. Commuter Airline Safety: An Analysis of Accident Records and the Role of Federal Regulation. Washington, DC: Aviation Consumer Action Project, 1976. 171 pages.

186. Nader, Ralph, and Wesley J. Smith. Collision Course: The Truth About Airline Safety. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books, 1993. 378 pages. About thirty years ago, Ralph Nader wrote Unsafe at Any Speed, an indictment of the lack of safety concern exhibited by the U.S. automakers in general and the Chevrolet Corvair (not to be confused with the British Carvair) in particular. That book was a blockbuster and promptly became a bestseller. With this book, he is attempting to do the same to the airline industry, but the major difference between the two industries concerns the complexity of the issues addressed. Improving airline safety is much more involved than forcing the auto industry to add a couple of inches of padding to the instrument panel and maybe an airbag. The airline industry defies simplistic and cheap solutions to safety problems simply because it is an extremely safe mode of transportation already. Throughout the book, Nader and Smith freely spend non-existent airline profits in order to enhance operational safety. Prior to deregulation, and without batting an eyelash, many of the viable solutions would have been implemented by the carriers who would have passed on the increased operating costs by increasing fares. However, Nader and Smith make many valid points, but the fact that each new proposal must be economically viable is not without merit. After all, where’s the money going to come from? List of abbreviations. Glossary. Appendix listing NTSB fatal aircraft accidents including date, location, airline, aircraft type, and number of fatalities. Index. Bibliography.

187. Nance, John J. Blind Trust: How Deregulation Has Jeopardized Airline Safety and What You Can Do About It. New York: Morrow, 1986. 416 pages. References, bibliography, and index. Has good coverage of the following accidents and incidents:

· Downeast PA-31 (Navajo) Aug. 19, 1971 (N595DE) Augusta, ME

· Downeast DHC-6 May 30, 1979 (N68DE) Rockland, ME

· Air New England DHC-6 June 17, 1979 (N383EX) Hyannis, MA

· United DC-7/TWA L-1049 June 30, 1956 (N6324C/N6902C) Grand Canyon, AZ

· Air Florida B-737 Jan. 13, 1982 (N62AF) Washington, DC
Attempted takeoff with ice on the wings and ice covering the Pt2 probes which resulted in anomalous engine thrust readings.

· American DC-10 June 12, 1972 (N103AA) near Windsor, Canada
See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes.

· Turk Hava Yollari DC-10 March 3, 1974 (TC-JAV) near Paris, France
See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes.

· American DC-10 May 25, 1979 (N110AA) Chicago, IL
See also: Fielder & Birsch, The DC-10 Case.

· Eastern L-1011 Dec. 29, 1972 (N310EA) near Miami, FL
See also: Elder, Crash; Fuller, The Ghost of Flight 401.

· Texas International CV-600 Sept. 27, 1973 (N94230) near Mena, AR

· Pan Am B-707-321B Jan. 30, 1974 (N454PA) Pago Pago, AS
See also: Godson, Clipper 806; Norris, Willful Misconduct.

· Eastern DC-9 Sept. 11, 1974 (N8984E) Charlotte, NC
See also: Stockton, Final Approach.

· TWA B-727-231 Dec. 1, 1974 (N54328) Berryville, VA
See also: Bailey, Cleared for the Approach; Shaw, Sound of Impact.

· Pan Am B-747/KLM B-747 March 27, 1977 (N736PA/PH-BUF) Tenerife, Canary Islands
Runway incursion. See also: Williams and Otis, Terror at Tenerife.

· United DC-8-61 Dec. 28, 1978 (N8082U) Portland, OR
Fuel exhaustion.

· PSA B-727/C-172 Sept. 25, 1978 (N533PS/N7711G) San Diego, CA
See also: Chapman, Pilot Fatigue.

· National B-727-235 May 8, 1978 (N4744NA) Escambia Bay, FL

· Air Canada B-767 July 23, 1983 (C-GAUN) Gimli, Canada
See also: Hoffer, Freefall.

· Republic DC-9-80 April 2, 1983 (NA) near Las Vegas, NV

· Republic DC-9-30 May 28, 1983 (NA) near Phoenix, AZ

· Eastern L-1011 May 5, 1983 (N334EA) Miami, FL

· Air Illinois HS-748 Oct. 11, 1983 (N748LL) Pinckneyville, IL

188. Norris, William. The Unsafe Sky: The Unvarnished Truth About Air Safety. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981. 223 pages. No index. No bibliography. This book covers the following accidents and incidents in some detail:

· Dan Air B-727 April 25, 1980 (G-BDAN) Tenerife

· PSA B-727-214/C-172 Sept. 25, 1978 (N533PS/N7711G) San Diego, CA
See also: Chapman, Pilot Fatigue.

· TWA L-1011/American DC-10 Nov. 26, 1975 (N11002/N124) Carleton, MI

· National DC-10 Nov. 3, 1973 (N60NA) Socorro, NM

· Western DC-10 Oct. 31, 1979 (N903WA) Mexico City

· TAP Air Portugal B-727 Nov. 19, 1977 (CS-TBR) Funchal, Madeira

· British B-747 May 11, 1976 (G-AWNC) Kuala Lumpur

· Japan DC-8-62F Jan. 13, 1977 (JA8054) Anchorage, AK

· Japan DC-8 Sept. 27, 1977 (JA8051) Kuala Lumpur

· National B-727-235 May 8, 1978 (N4744NA) Pensacola, FL

· Continental B-727-224 June 3, 1977 (N32725) Tucson, AZ

· American B-727-95 April 27, 1976 (N1963) St. Thomas, VI

· TWA B-727-031 April 4, 1979 (N840TW) near Saginaw, MI

· Lufthansa B-747 Nov. 20, 1974 (D-ABYB) Nairobi, Kenya
See also: Moorhouse, Wake Up, It’s a Crash!

· Continental DC-10 March 1, 1978 (N68045) Los Angeles, CA

· Saudia L-1011 Aug. 19, 1980 (HZ-AHK) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

· Pakistan Int’l. B-707 Nov. 26, 1979 (AP-AWZ) Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

· Cubana DC-8 Oct. 6, 1976 (CU-T-1201) near Barbados

· Pan American B-707-321B Jan. 30, 1974 (N454PA) Pago Pago, AS
See also: Godson, Clipper 806; Norris, Willful Misconduct.

· Swissair DC-8 Oct. 7, 1979 (HB-IDE) Athens, Greece

· Indian Caravelle Oct. 13, 1976 (VT-DWN) Bombay, India

· British B-747 Dec. 28, 1978 (G-AWNP) Bridgetown, Barbados

· United DC-8-61 Dec. 28, 1978 (N8082U) Portland, OR
Fuel exhaustion.

· Southern DC-9 April 4, 1977 (N1335U) New Hope, GA
See also: Purl, Am I Alive?

· Eastern B-727 June 24, 1975 (N8845E) New York, NY

· Allegheny DC-9 June 23, 1976 (N994VJ) Philadelphia, PA

· Air New Zealand DC-10 Nov. 28, 1979 (ZK-NZP) Mt. Erebus, Ant.
See also: Vette, Impact Erebus.

· Allegheny BAC-111 July 9, 1978 (N1550) Rochester, NY

· TWA B-727-231 Dec. 1, 1974 (N54328) Berryville, VA
See also: Bailey, Cleared for the Approach; Shaw, Sound of Impact.

· Northwest B-727-251 Dec. 1, 1974 (N274US) near Stony Point, NY

· Aerolineas Argentinas B-707 Jan. 14, 1977 (NA) New York, NY
Incident. Nearly collided with the World Trade Center.

· Overseas National DC-10 Nov. 12, 1975 (N1032F) New York, NY

· North Central CV-580 July 25, 1978 (N4852C) Kalamazoo, MI

· American DC-10 May 25, 1979 (N110AA) Chicago, IL
See also: Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case.

· Turk Hava Yollari DC-10 March 3, 1974 (TC-JAV) Ermonville, France
See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes.

· Air Canada DC-8 July 5, 1970 (CF-TIW) Toronto, Canada

· Dan Air B-707 May 14, 1977 (G-BEBP) Lusaka, Zambia

· Air Canada DC-9 Sept. 17, 1979 (C-FTLU) North Atlantic

189. Power-Waters, Brian. Danger in the Air: Federal Aviation Administration Blunders. San Jose, CA: Writers Club Press, 2002. 144 pages.

190. Power-Waters, Brian. Is It Safe?: Why flying commercial airliners is still a risky business. . . And what can be done about it. San Jose, CA: Writers Club Press, 2001. 555 pages.

191. Power-Waters, Brian. Margin for Error: None: Through the Skills of the Air Traffic Controller a Faulty System is Made to Work. Authors Choice Press, 2001. 260 pages.

192. Power-Waters, Brian. Safety Last: The Dangers of Commercial Aviation-An Indictment by an Airline Pilot. New York: The Dial Press, 1972. 264 pages. Originally published under the pseudonym, “Captain X,” Power-Waters takes an aggressively critical look at air safety. Covers management games with flightcrew, pilot selection and training, the need for a flight engineer, captains’ responsibilities, maintenance oversights, airport hazards, instrument approach aids, mid-air collisions, Washington politics, misread instruments, instrument failures, FARs [FARces], FAA, CAB/NTSB, government budget allocations for air safety. Glossary. Index. No bibliography. Some of the accidents discussed in detail are:

· United B-727 Jan. 18, 1969 (N7434U) west of Los Angeles, CA

· Pan Am B-707 June 28, 1965 (N761PA) San Francisco, CA

· Eastern DC-7 Nov. 30, 1962 (N815D) New York, NY

· Allegheny CV-580 Dec. 24, 1968 (N5802) Bradford, PA

· Allegheny CV-580 Jan. 6, 1969 (N5825) Bradford, PA

· Northeast FH-227 Oct. 25, 1968 (N380N) Hanover, NH

· TWA L-1049/United DC-7 June 30, 1956 (N6902C/N6324C) Grand Canyon, AZ

· United DC-7/F-100 April 21, 1958 (N6328C) near Las Vegas, NV

· TWA L-1049/United DC-8 Dec. 16, 1960 (N6907C/N8013U) New York, NY

· Allegheny DC-9/PA-28 Sept. 9, 1969 (N988VJ/N73745) near Indianapolis, IN

· American B-707/C-150 Jan. 9, 1971 (N7595AA/N60942) Newark, NJ

· Hughes Airwest DC-9/F-4 June 6, 1971 (N9345) Duarte, CA

· Continental B-707/C-150 Aug. 4, 1971 (N47330/N61011) Compton, CA

· Eastern DC-9/C-206 Dec. 4, 1971 (8943EN2110F) Raleigh, NC

· Prinair DH-114 Heron March 5, 1969 (N563PR) San Juan, PR

· North Central CV-580 Dec. 27, 1968 (N2405) Chicago, IL

· Mohawk FH-227 Nov. 19, 1969 (N7811M) Glen Falls, NY

· Western B-720B March 31, 1971 (N3166) Ontario, CA

· United DC-6 June 17, 1948 (NC37506) Mt. Carmel, PA

· United Viscount July 9, 1964 (N7405) near Parrottsville, TN

· Pan Am B-707 Dec. 26, 1968 (N799PA) Anchorage, AK

· Wien Consolidated F-27 Sec. 2, 1968 (N4905) Lake Spotsy, AK

· Mohawk BAC-111 June 23, 1967 (N1116J) near Blossburg, PA

· TWA CV-880 Nov. 20, 1967 (N821T) Cincinnati, OH

193. Prince, Michael. Crash Course: The World of Air Safety. London: Grafton Books, 1990. 224 pages. Crash Course is highly critical of air safety and Mr. Prince seems to think that the tens of thousands of commercial airline flights that are completed safely on a daily basis are more based upon luck rather than on planning. If luck were the primary modus operandi of an airline’s operations, an airline would probably kill more passengers than it would transport safely from point A to point B. When a layman reads such a one-sided work, it is very easy for him or her to believe that when flying, he or she is taking a grave chance at a life or death roll of the dice. In reality, the airline and aircraft manufacturing industries as a whole take more pains than any other to ensure the safety of the traveling public. To make this point, Mr. Prince unwittingly offers the following statistic: “... at the beginning of 1990 it was necessary to make 571,000 flights before encountering a fatal one” (page 3). This figure was extrapolated from the 1989 world airline safety statistics. The number would be much higher if one’s flights were limited to the airlines of the North America, Australia/New Zealand, Asia, and Europe. In addition, some of Mr. Prince’s terminology could have been more adequately researched. For example, he refers to a transponder as a “responder.” Also, some of the technicalities are explained too simplistically and others are inaccurate. However, humor does invade the book at times, as with this most amusing quote: when questioning a passenger security screening guard concerning the use of X-ray devices at Denver, Colorado’s Stapleton International Airport, the author asked the guard, “what would happen if he made a mistake and then a plane blew up. He said he would have to go back for re-training. If it happened twice, he could be fired” (page 46). Hopefully, the current TSA has not hired employees away from the local DMV to fill its positions. The book contains coverage of terrorism, a list of security problems at major airports, aging aircraft problems, a list of average fleet ages for major air carriers, pilot substance abuse problems, incidents of food poisoning, pilot fatigue, cabin safety and fire hazards, hazardous materials, collision problems, aircraft manufacturer quality control problems, and the problems with deregulation. Crash Course also makes many references to Laurie Taylor and his book, Air Travel: How Safe Is It? So many, that it is surprising to me that Mr. Prince and Mr. Taylor have come to opposing conclusions on the state of air safety. However, all criticism aside, Crash Course is a good read that will have readers turning pages quickly. Just remember to temper some of the extreme opinions contained in it with good judgment. Index. No bibliography. Photographs. Among others, the book covers the following accidents and incidents in some detail:

· Pan American B-747 Dec. 21, 1988 (N739PA) Lockerbie, Scotland
Sabotage. See also: Emerson and Duffy, The Fall of Pan Am 103.

· Iran Air A300 July 3, 1988 (EP-IBU) Straits of Hormuz
Accidentally shot down by the U.S.S. Vincennes.

· Air India B-747 June 23, 1985 (VT-EFO) west of Ireland
Sabotage. See also: Jiwa, The Death of Air India Flight 182.

· Korean B-707 Nov. 29, 1987 (HL-7406) Urdis-Tavoy, Burma
Sabotage.

· South African B-747-244 Nov. 28, 1987 (ZS-SAS) near Mauritius
Uncontrollable fire in-flight.

· United B-747-122 Feb. 24, 1989 (N4713U) near Honolulu, HI
Right forward cargo door opened in-flight, tore a substantial portion of the fuselage’s skin off, and nine people were forced out of the airplane from the resulting decompression. Safe landing in Honolulu.

· Aloha B-737 April 28, 1988 (N73711) near Maui, HI
Lost a substantial portion of its upper forward fuselage in flight and the resulting decompression forced one flight attendant out. Safe landing in Maui.

· Continental Express SA-227 Jan. 19, 1988 (N68TC) Bayfield, CO

· British B-747 June 24, 1982 (G-BDXH) Jakarta, Indonesia
Volcanic ash encounter. See also: Tootell, All Four Engines Have Failed!

· China B-747SP Feb. 19, 1985 (N4522V) NW of San Francisco
Jet upset.

· Saudia L-1011 Aug. 19, 1980 (HZ-AHK) Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Uncontrolled cabin fire. Aircraft landed and stopped safely, but no one evacuated. All on board were killed.

· British Airtours B-737 Aug. 22, 1985 (G-BG-JL) Manchester, England
Rejected take-off accident and resulting fire.

· Aeromexico DC-9-32/PA-28-181 Aug. 31, 1986 (XA-JED/N4891F) Cerritos, CA
Mid-air collision.

· KLM B-747/Pan American B-747 March 27, 1977 (PH-BUF/N736PA) Tenerife, Canary Islands
Runway incursion. See also: Williams and Otis, Terror at Tenerife.

· Turk Hava Yollari DC-10 March 3, 1974 (TC-JAV) near Paris, France
Rear cargo door opened in flight, collapsing the floor through which many vital control cables run. In a shallow dive, the aircraft crashed in a forest at almost 500 miles per hour. See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes.

· Japan B-747SR Aug. 12, 1985 (JA-8119) Mt. Ogura, Japan
A faultily repaired aft pressure bulkhead ruptured in flight and disabled all hydraulics and the aircraft became uncontrollable. Aircraft crashed into Mt. Ogura with the miraculous survival of four people.

· United DC-10-10 July 19, 1989 (N1819U) Sioux City, IA
Aircraft lost all hydraulics due to an uncontained engine failure of the number two engine. Captain Al Haynes had marginal control by using differential thrust from numbers one and three engines. Cartwheeled in an attempted landing at Sioux City Airport. Many survived. See also: Dee, Souls on Board.

194. Ramsden, John M. The Safe Airline. London: MacDonald and Jane’s, 1976. 231 pages. Index. No bibliography. Numerous tables of accidents listed by causal factor. Extensive safety statistics, although this information is dated. One of the best books available, though very much in need of updating. Encyclopedic in arrangement and topical coverage. Includes some photographs. Does not include in-depth coverage of individual accidents. Contains information on the following topics:

· Statistics

· Legalities

· Measuring Air Safety

· Government Organizations

· Airlines

· Airliners

· Terrorism

· Cabin Safety (including a discussion of fuel types and hazards associated with each type)

· Uncommon Accident Causes (including clear air turbulence [CAT], wake turbulence, bird strikes, collisions, air misses, controlled flight into terrain [CFIT], and lightning)

· Accident Investigation

· Accident Liability

· Hazardous Cargo

· Air Navigation

· Airports

· Maintenance and Overhaul

· Aircraft Powerplants

· Noise Abatement

· Economics and Safety

· Instrument Approaches

195. Serling, Robert J. The Jet Age. (The Epic of Flight Series). Chicago: Time-Life Books, 1982. 176 pages. Bibliography. Index. Excellent coverage of the de Havilland Comet development, its early commercial service, its crashes, and its “fix.” For additional Comet coverage, see also: Dempster, The Tale of the Comet. Also contains coverage of the Pan Am B-707-321B (N761PA) that lost a portion of one of its wings due to fire after the airplane departed San Francisco on June 28, 1965 (see also: Serling, Loud and Clear). Heavily illustrated.

196. Serling, Robert J. Loud and Clear: The Full Answer to Aviation’s Vital Question-Are the Jets Really Safe? Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969. 327 pages. No index. No bibliography. Extremely well-researched. Almost error-free. Mr. Serling’s books invariably discuss airline safety in a positive light. Among other aviation safety accidents and topics, this book covers the following accidents and incidents in good detail:

· Pan Am B-707-321B June 28, 1965 (N761PA) San Francisco, CA
Inflight fire. Landed safely.

· TWA B-707/Eastern L-1049 Dec. 4, 1965 (N748T/N6218) Carmel, NY

· United B-720 July 12, 1963 (NA) O’Neill, NB
Jet upset incident.

· Northwest B-727 May 29, 1965 (N461US) New York, NY
Incident.

· Northwest B-720B Feb. 12, 1963 (N724US) S.W. of Miami, FL

· Eastern DC-8 Nov. 9, 1963 (N8603) near Houston, TX
Incident.

· Eastern DC-8 Feb. 25, 1964 (N8607) Lake Ponchartrain, LA
Ironically, and unfortunately for him, the first officer in both of the Eastern DC-8s above was Grant Newby. The second encounter was lethal for all aboard.

· BOAC B-707-420 March 5, 1966 (G-APFE) near Mt. Fuji, Japan

· Pan Am B-707-321 Dec 8, 1963 (N709PA) Elkton, MD

· United B-727 Aug. 16, 1965 (N7036U) Lake Michigan

· American B-727 Nov. 8, 1965 (N1996) Cincinnati, OH

· United B-727 Nov. 11, 1965 (N7030U) Salt Lake City, UT

· United Viscount 745D July 9, 1964 (N7405) near Parrottsville, TN

· Pacific F-27 May 7, 1964 (N2770R) near San Ramon, CA

· United DC-8/TWA L-1049 Dec. 16, 1960 (N8013U/N6907C) near Staten Island, NY

· Piedmont B-727/C-310 July 19, 1967 (N68650/N3121S) Hendersonville, NC

· TWA DC-9/ BE-55 March 9, 1967 (N1063T/N6127V) near Urbana, OH

197. Serling, Robert J. The Probable Cause: The Truth About Air Travel Today. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960. 287 pages. No index. No bibliography. THE classic book about airline safety. Highly recommended. This book won a journalism award from Trans World Airlines after it was released. Very accurate research. It studies airline safety in a positive light. Among other aviation accidents and safety topics, this book covers the following accidents and incidents in good detail:

· Capital Viscount 745D May 12, 1959 (N7463) Chase, MD
Note: Capital also lost an L-049 Constellation which involved fatalities at the airport in Charleston, West Virginia about one hour after the Viscount disintegrated in a thunderstorm.

· Pan Am B-707-321 Feb. 3, 1959 (N712P) Dive over North Atlantic.

· United DC-7 Sept. 21, 1959 (N6311C) Washington, DC

· Pan Am B-377 Nov. 9, 1957 (N90944) Crash in N.

· Pacific American DC-4 Oct. 8, 1947 (NC90432) near El Paso, TX

· Eastern DC-4 May 30, 1947 (N88814) near Bainbridge, MD

· Northwest Martin 202 Jan. 16, 1951 (NC93054) Reardan, WA

· Pennsylvania Central DC-4 June 13, 1947 (N88842) Lookout Rock, WV

· Northeast DC-6A Feb. 1, 1957 (N34954) Rikers Island, NY
See also: Moscow, Tiger on a Leash.

· TWA Martin 404 Feb. 19, 1955 (N40416) near Albuquerque, NM

198. Sharp, Mike. Air Disasters: The Truth Behind the Tragedies. Brown Packaging Partworks, 1999. 96 pages.

199. Stewart, Oliver. Danger in the Air. New York: Philosophical Library, 1958. 194 pages. Discusses many topics relating to aviation safety in the 1950s, including: airships, charting errors, flightcrew fatigue, weather problems, sabotage, collisions, in-flight fires, etc. Index. Illustrations. Also discusses the Comet disasters. For additional Comet coverage, see also: Dempster, The Tale of the Comet; Hewat, Timothy and W. A. Waterton, The Comet Riddle; Royal Aircraft Establishment, Report on the Comet Investigation; Smallpiece, Basil, Of Comets and Queens.

200. Stewart, Stanley. Air Disasters. London: Ian Allan, 1986. 240 pages. Expanded format (256 pages) edition published by Barnes & Noble (New York) in 1994. This edition adds some photographs and captions of accidents occurring since 1986. Otherwise the text remains unchanged. Contains both a bibliography and an index. Good explanations of accident causes, illustrations, and photographs. This book contains in-depth information on the following accidents:

· BOAC Comet Disasters:
May 2, 1953 (G-ALYV) Near Calcutta, India
Jan. 10, 1954 (G-ALYP) Near Elba
April 8, 1954 (G-ALYY) Near Naples, Italy
Note: G-ALYY was leased from BOAC to South African Airways (SAA) when it crashed. The Calcutta disaster was caused by in-flight structural failure due to thunderstorm turbulence. The Elba and Naples disasters were caused by fuselage skin fatigue and cracking resulting in explosive decompressions at altitude. See also: Dempster, The Tale of the Comet.

· BEA Airspeed Ambassador Feb. 6, 1958 (G-ALZU) Munich, Germany
See also: Williamson, The Munich Air Disaster.

· BEA H.S. Trident June 18, 1972 (G-ARPI) London, England
See also: Godson, Papa India.

· Turk Hava Yollari DC-10 March 3, 1974 (TC-JAV) Near Paris, France
See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes.

· BEA Trident/Inex-Adria DC-9 Sept. 10, 1976 (G-AWZT/YU-AJR) Zagreb, Yugoslavia
See also: Westson and Hurst, Zagreb One-Four.

· Pan Am B-747/KLM B-747 March 27, 1977 (N736PA/PH-BUF) Tenerife, Canary Islands
Runway incursion. See also: Williams and Otis, Terror at Tenerife.

· American DC-10 May 25, 1979 (N110AA) Chicago, IL
See also: Fielder & Birsch, The DC-10 Case.

· Air New Zealand DC-10 Nov. 28, 1979 (ZK-NZP) Mt. Erebus, Antarctica
See also: Vette, Impact Erebus.

· Korean B-747 Aug. 30, 1983 (HL7442) Near Sakhalin Island
See also: Hersh, The Target is Destroyed.

· Air India B-747 June 23, 1985 (VT-EFO) West of Ireland
See also: Jiwa, The Death of Air India Flight 182.

· Japan B-747SR Aug. 12, 1985 (JA8119) Near Takasaki, Japan

201. Stewart, Stanley. Emergency! Crisis on the Flight Deck. 2^nd ed. Crowood Press, 2004. 272 pages. The following description concerns first edition: Emergency! Crisis in the Cockpit. Bibliography. No index. Good illustrations and photographs. Also contains in-depth information on the following incidents and accidents:

· Eastern L-1011 May 5, 1983 (N334EA) East of Miami, FL

· Pan Am B-747 July 30, 1971 (N747PA) San Francisco, CA

· American DC-10 June 12, 1972 (N103AA) Near Detroit, MI
See also: Eddy, Potter, and Page, Destination Disaster; Fielder and Birsch, The DC-10 Case; Godson, The Rise and Fall of the DC-10; Johnston, The Last Nine Minutes.

· Pan Am B-747 Oct. 20, 1979 (NA) Newark, NJ
Incident: near fuel exhaustion.

· Air Canada B-767 July 23, 1983 (C-GUAN) Gimli, Canada
See also: Hoffer, Freefall.

· Pan Am B-747 Sept. 6, 1970 (N752PA) Cairo, Egypt
Blown up on the ground at Cairo’s International Airport.

· Reeve Aleutian YS-11A Feb. 16, 1982 (N169RV) King Salmon, AK

· China B-747SP Feb. 19, 1985 (N4522V) Near San Francisco

· TWA B-727-031 April 4, 1979 (N840TW) Midland, MI

· British B-747 June 24, 1982 (G-BDXH) Near Jakarta
See also: Tootell, “All Four Engines Have Failed”

202. Sturkey, Marion F. Mayday: Accident Reports and Voice Transcripts from Airline Crash Investigations. Plum Branch, SC: Heritage Press, 2005. 461 pages.

203. Taylor, Laurie. Air Travel: How Safe is It? 2^nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1997. 287 pages. The first edition was published in 1988 by BSP Professional Books and contained 304 pages. Remaining one of the best overviews available and technically accurate, Mr. Taylor’s book is a comprehensive work dealing with nearly all aspects of airline safety. Published in Great Britain, it also encompasses many of the issues from an American point of view. It is indexed but it contains no bibliography. Also contains many new tables, illustrations, although many of the photographs also appeared in the first edition. At one time, the first edition of this book was used as an undergraduate flight safety class textbook by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida. The book is organized in the following sections:

· The Role of International Organizations

· Human Factors

· Machines and Air Safety

· The Natural Environment

· The Operational Environment

· Flight Operations and Air Safety

· Costs Versus Air Safety

· The Accident Record

· Accident Investigation

· International Law, Security and Aviation Crime

· Military Interception of Civil Aircraft

· Advanced Technology

204. Trammel, Archie. Cause and Circumstance: Aircraft Accidents and How to Avoid Them. New York: Ziff-Davis, 1980. 210 pages. Discusses many airline, corporate, and general aviation accidents. Slanted towards general aviation pilots but airline pilots will also find the book interesting. Trammel served as editor of Business and Commercial Aviation magazine and is perhaps most noted for his seminars on the operation of weather radar. Good quality illustrations. No index. No bibliography. The book is organized as follows:

· Classic Accidents

· Fatigue

· Tools for Improving Safety

· The Approach

· How Low Not to Go

· Touchdown

· Attitudes on the Flight Deck

· Air Traffic Control

· Maintenance

· Weather

· Three Kinds of Wind

· The Stall-Spin

· The Midair

· Techniques

The book discusses the following accidents in some detail:

· Delta DC-9 July 31, 1973 (N975NE) Boston, MA

· Eastern B-727-225 June 24, 1975 (N8845E) Jamaica, NY

· Texas Int’l. CV-600 Sept. 28, 1973 (N94230) near Mena, AR

· TWA B-727-231 Dec. 1, 1974 (N54328) Mt. Weather, VA

· Delta DC-9 Nov. 27, 1973 (N3323L) Chattanooga, TN

· Piedmont B-737 Oct. 28, 1973 (N751N) Greensboro, NC

· Alaska B-727 April 5, 1976 (N124AS) Ketchikan, AK

· American B-727 April 27, 1976 (N1963) St. Thomas, VI

· Eastern DC-9 Sept. 11, 1974 (N8984E) Charlotte, NC

· Southern DC-9 April 4, 1977 (N1335U) New Hope, GA

· Japan B-747 Dec. 16, 1975 (JA8122) Anchorage, AK

· Golden West DHC-6/C-150 Jan. 9, 1975 (N6383/N11421) Whittier, CA

· Northwest B-727 Dec. 1, 1974 (N274US) Stony Point, NY

205. Veronico, Nicholas A. Wreckchasing: A Guide to Finding Aircraft Crash Sites. Castro Valley, CA: Pacific Aero Press, 1992. 80 pages. Illustrated. Contains information on the locations of almost 500 crash sites.

206. Veronico, Nicholas A., Ed Davies, Donald B. McComb, Jr., and Michael B. McComb. Wreckchasing 2: Commercial Aircraft Crashes & Crash Sites. Miami, FL: World Transport Press, Inc., 1995. 128 pages. Similar to above, but exclusively concerns commercial aircraft accident sites.

207. Vincent, Richard C. When Technology Fails: The Drama of Airline Crashes in Network Television News. Columbia: Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, 1989. 25 pages. Must read for anyone involved in presenting air accident information through the media. See also: Aviation/Space Writers Association, Air Accidents and the Newswriter; Fensch, Associated Press Coverage of a Major Air Disaster: The Crash of Delta Flight 1141.

208. Weir, Andrew. The Tombstone Imperative: The Truth About Air Safety. London: Simon & Schuster, 1999. 337 pages.

209. Winslow, John. Mayday: 17 Amazing True Stories of Aircrew Fighting Near Impossible Odds to Bring Their Crippled Aircraft Back to Earth. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Australian Aviation, 2002. 188 pages.

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