Fundamental Proof of Static Nuclear Structure

The nucleons that comprise a nucleus exist in static relative motion in structural organization. Structural principles of equilibrium of forces define a stable nucleus.
 
 

SECONDARY HYPOTHESIS

Proton organization defines nuclear structure. Protons and neutrons have different structural properties. Different total mass or number of neutrons indicates different structural organization.
 
 

FUNDAMENTAL STATEMENT

If the different nuclei are different structural organizations, these structures can be deduced and represented to scale. By correlating all isotopes and applying simple and common structural principles uniformly, a fundamental proof of the hypothesis can be derived which must be disproved directly.

The engineering and stability of structures composed of specific number of particles at common minimum bonding distance is not arbitrary.
Perfect correlation of number of stable isotopes for each element to number of stable structures that can be derived for each value of Z;(proton structures)
Perfect correlation to what the weight of each isotope must be;(number of neutrons)
Basic and fundamental definition of relative proportional occurrences and mass defect;

In conjunction with the fact that this engineering must have no actual relevance to the occurrence and proportions of the isotopes if the nuclei are not static structural organizations:

Leaves only a 100% probability that the nucleons are in static relative motion.
It is impossible that it is purely coincidental that this common engineering correlates perfectly including mass defect.
The yes or no question of static nuclear structure is proved positively.
This simple experiment is easily recreated.

Despite a great quantity of money that is spent in experimentation, there is no experiment, (Heisenberg, 1925), which a valid scientific analyses of its data proves that the nucleons are in disordered relative motion. This is an assumption derived because of the particular theoretical approach taken by predominate theorists in an extremely inadequate attempt to explain the data before them.
The contemporary world of nuclear theory would do well to recheck their defintion of the word science.
 

STANDING CONTRARY ARGUMENTS

A) Measurements of energies of nucleons has been interpreted to indicate that static structural organization is impossible and thus not the case in atomic nuclei. The alternative is a model of continuous relative motion of nucleons.

B) Extensive experimental data is interpreted as indicating that nucleons are not in static structural organizations.

C) A static nucleon nuclear model is not compatible with the accepted electronic models of the atom.
 
 

RESPONSE

A) The electrical value of a nucleus indicates that the electric fields of the protons are combined. There may exist in nature some process by which the electric fields of the protons do not conflict at very close proximity.

Engineered syncopation of vibrational energies resulted in the development of the maser and laser.
The protons may also acheive a similar integration of their electrical energy.
This would nearly cancel the value of their common repulsion. Considering the acceleration of nuclei that occurs in novae, and the spin and centripetal force imparted, this value of the strong nuclear force, to a negated value of repulsion, is required to explain the fact that nuclei remain intact under such conditions.

Quantum theory does not effectively deal with the issue of the Coulomb repulsion or how this powerful force of the protons is integrated into the nuclear Z value.

The combination of 'space quantisation'*, the uncertainty principle, and the bonding property of the undetectable neutrino, allow quantum theory to evade the issue of the Coloumb repulsion. And to evade the issue of the mass and momentum of constituent parts of the nucleus.
The principles of quantum nuclear theory are not plausible, extremely inadequate, and are completely theoretically invented.
*'space quantisation' = Strict integral values of spin moment. Angular-momentum quantum = h/2pi.
Beginning with the weak nuclear force, the forces invented by quantum theory do not exist.
The concept of integral spin moment is absurd and does not exist.
 

B) A static structural model of atomic nuclei must be compatible with experimental data.

The only direct experimental data about stable nuclei is the number of stable isotopes for each element, the weight of each isotope, and the exact relative concentrations of each isotope. The combination of these gives the average elemental nuclear weight.
Contemporary theory in actuality, does not approach a satisfactory theoretical analyses of this most basic data.

Any other data about stable nuclei from experimentation is only obtained by destruction or disturbance of the stable state of the nucleus and therefore conclusions are entirely subject to interpretation.

C) Close examination of the accepted electronic models also reveals points that assumptive conclusions are taken for fact. Inherent contradictions between the Pauli principle electronic theory and the Schrodinger electron cloud theory are ignored. Incompatibility with the Pauli principle theoretical electronic model does not disprove this hypothesis.

--The theoretical model presented here describes the nucleons in static relative motion. The mass and energy of a nucleus remains specific and unique. This results in continued propagation to spin. The relevance of distribution of mass in these structures to empirical data such as spectral lines and properties can be shown.
 
 

OBJECTIVE OF INVESTIGATION

To derive structures that represent the isotopes of the first 20 elements, iron, copper and gold. If the nuclei are not in structural organizations, any structures derived for specific numbers of nucleons must be purely coincidental. This study will be sufficient to establish a valid proof of the positive of the hypothesis. The structural principles must be valid and uniformly applied.

It is important in this study to work with the proton structures initially.The viability of the proton structures determines the existence of different structures. The placement of the neutrons within these structures is critical to the completeness of this study. The neutrons however are bouyed in the pressure of the protons electric fields.

Control
There must be no structures which can be derived by the structural principles which cannot be identified as an isotope. The finite number of stable isotopes for each element, and the specific weight of each isotope must be precisely predicted by the structural principles.

Fundamental correlation to relative proportional occurences must be directly indicated and definable.
It must be possible to show that individual levels of mass defect are the direct product of structural compression.
 
 

ANALYSIS OF FUNDAMENTALS

A structure created by attractive forces must achieve a state of force equilibrium to achieve static relative motion of constituent parts. Such a structure will be governed by the dynamics of common attraction. Center of mass and center of common attraction are intrinsically related. Only perfect symmetry achieves perfect center of mass.

Nucleons will have a minimum distance at which they can exist. This is not necessarily the same for protons and neutrons. This distance will be the same in all cases and can be scaled as a unit distance. Neutrons bind to the proton structure. Their integration in the structure is essential for maintaining the proton bonds and they exist within the very close proximity of the protons' electric field and are subject to this electrical pressure.

The nucleons will tend towards achieving the structure of least total volume area and greatest number of common bonds. Generally, this minimum energy structure will be the most common isotope. Structural viability dictates the existence of structures. Other systems governed by the force of common attraction, such as a liquid drop or gravitational systems, show the tendency towards creation of a sphere or flattened disk.

A particle in relation to a stationary point will have six degrees of freedom of motion. A minimum distance bond removes two degrees of freedom of motion. This principle is inherent to structural viability. The relevance of structural force is towards the center of mass or compression by compounding of vectors. Units in a common plane achieve the highest degree of compounded vectors and greatest structural strength is achieved by in-line "posting" of units. These structures develop and exist in perpetual spin. The bonds are rigid and resist relative rotation. Structural vibration results in "liquefaction" of the bonds.

to static nuclear structure, figures A-N

Z-- ELEMENT --ISOTOPES

.#2 helium 4,3

4: Two protons two neutrons. Neutrons adhere at 180 degrees to proton axis or bound together.

3: Two protons one neutron.

#3 lithium 7,6

7: Triangle of unit distance. Two neutrons attached either side of triangle. The neutrons must be symmetrically opposed. Any more neutrons attached to this structure result in structural vibration and decay.

6: Unit triangle, three neutrons in axis within triangle.

#4 beryllium 9

A tetrahedron proton arrangement. A central neutron and four neutrons attached.

#5 boron 11,10

11: (Fig. H), Three protons around two proton axis.

10: (Fig. N), Unit pentagon.

#6 carbon 12,13,14* radioactive

12: (Fig. C), Unit square, one proton each side.

13: (Fig. D), Two aligned unit triangles. This structure has a central neutron.

14*: (Fig. E), Unit hexagon. This structure has a two neutron axis.

#7 nitrogen 14,15

14: (Fig. N), A unit pentagon. Two protons attached. Two neutrons in central axis between protons.

15: (Fig. B), A hexagon with a central proton. Two neutrons in central axis.

#8 oxygen 16,18,17

16: (Fig. M), Two proton axis. A hexagon around this axis. This structure has two neutrons at 180 degrees in central plane. (The helium atom surrounded by six protons and their neutrons).

17:(Fig. H), Three pairs around two proton axis.

18: Two offset unit squares. Two neutron axis.

#9 fluorine 19

19: (Fig. D), Extension of carbon 13 by three protons in central plane. This structure has a central neutron. The forces of common attraction specify only this structure at this number of protons.

#10 neon---The symmetrical displacement at this number of nucleons may result in different isotopes of a common proton structure. A double pentagon is the structure of least energy.

#11 sodium 23

23: Interior of Fig. A & N). Extension of fluorine 19 by two protons at poles of axis.
 
 

#12 magnesium 24,25,26

24: (Fig. I), Without the four units at corners in central plane.

25: (Fig. J), Central neutron.

26: (Fig. G), A cube of eight. Four protons added in central plane. This structure has two extra neutrons in axis.

#13 aluminum 27

27:( Fig. B). Hexagon with a center proton. Three protons attached symmetrically

#14 silicon 28,29,30

28: (Fig. C), Extended carbon 12 by eight protons.

29: (Fig. G), Cube of eight protons. One proton on each face of cube. This structure has a central neutron.

30: (Fig. M), Extension of oxygen 16. Two extra neutrons at poles of axis.

#15 phosphorus 31

31: (Fig. D), This structure has a central neutron and three neutrons in central plane outside central triangle..

#16 sulfur 32,34,33,36

32: (Fig. I), Development from magnesium 24.

34: (Fig. L), This structure has two added neutrons in axis.

33: Modification of fig. B, Three pairs around axis of one proton. Three protons in central plane. Three protons added either hemisphere.

36: Modification of fig. E (N-14), Two matched pentagons sharing a central proton. Five protons in central plane. Four extra neutrons in central plane.

#17 chlorine 35,37

35: Interior fig. A & N, Extension from sodium 23. Three groups of three around three groups of two. Two protons at poles of axis. Central neutron.

37: (Fig. H), Three extra neutrons in central plane.

#18 argon – Three hexagons will comprise the lowest energy structure at 18 protons. This symmetry may allow different isotopes with a common proton structure.

#19 potassium 39,41,40*radioactive

39: Extension fig. B, Three hexagons, central proton.

41: Extension fig. B, Three hexagons, central proton. Outside hexagons have internal triangles. Two extra neutrons in axis.

40*: (Fig. 14), Extension of aluminum 27.

#20 calcium 40,44,42,48,43,46

40: (Fig. I), Extension sulfur 32 by two protons at the two indented ends of the structure. These ends of the structure become the axis.

44: Modified extension of fig. G, Three aligned unit squares. Eight protons attached around structure. Four added neutrons in central axis.

42: (Fig. M), Extension of silicon 30 by six protons.

48: (Fig. L), Extension of sulfur 34 by pair on each side.Eight extra neutrons.

43: (Fig. J), Modified extension of magnesium 25. Three layers of this pattern the middle one offset. Two protons at poles of axis. Three added neutrons in central axis. Three neutrons are in central plane outside central triangle.

46: (Fig. B), Extension of aluminum 27 by duplication of hexagon with center proton. Six added neutrons in central plane between two hexagons.

#26 iron 56,54,57,58

56: (Fig. F), Modified extension of silicon 28. This structure acquiesces four extra neutrons in the four sets of aligned triangle pairs.

54: (Fig. I), Extension of calcium 40 by six protons in the central plane.

57: (Fig. G), Extension of silicon 29 by twelve protons. Inner core acquiesces five added neutrons.

58: (Fig. B), Extension of calcium 46 by six protons in central plane.

#29 copper 63,65

63: Interior Fig. A & N. Extension of chlorine 35 by twelve protons around periphery of disk. Two added neutrons in central core. 18 protons added to this structure creates silver 109.

65: (Fig. H), Extension of chlorine 37 by twelve protons., Three at either end of structure and six in central plane. Seven added neutrons in central plane.

#79 gold 197

(Fig. A & N), This is the final extension of the structural line of carbon 13, fluorine 19, sodium 23, chlorine 35, copper 63 and silver 109. In silver and gold, the inner core acquiesces three extra neutrons. Gold has only one isotope. If the nucleons are not in lattice structures, structural organization of 79 units should in no way be relevant. However copper, silver and gold have a very close association in natural deposits and in properties. The structure presented here is in perfect accordance with the structural principles established. These principles also specify this structure and no other significant structures at 79 units.

Neutron bombardment of gold atoms creates a stable isotope of mercury. Converting the seven protons of the upper structure into nine protons in their natural positions, and subtracting the three peripheral protons in the central plane, attains a stable structure at 80 units. The wing protons in the upper quadrants would crowd slightly towards the center of the structure.
to static nuclear structure, figures A-N

SUMMARY

These structures have been derived with uniform structural principles. A fundamental engineering analyses of these structures is incontrovertible proof that the nucleons of stable nuclei exist in static structures. With each element, the isotopes are clearly shown to be the products of structural organization. The number of isotopes and their relative proportional occurrence is clearly shown to be a product of structure. The relative proportional occurrence of the elements can also be correlated: The structures of oxygen and aluminum, and the structural line of carbon, silicon and iron are good examples.

The measured values of mass defect can directly be attributed to the structures presented. The regular series of defect in Mg.-24, S-32, and Ca-40, also Si-28, and Fe-56, can very easily be demonstrated to be a product of structure. If mass defect is graphed according to increasing Z, the level of defect rises sharply into the mid twenties where it begins to fall off slowly. Iron having the highest mass defect of all elements. This is because of the common bonding of all nucleons within a nucleus which increases the level of defect as number of nucleons increases. The strong nuclear force diminishes rapidly with distance which negates an increasing defect at a greater size of structure. The mass defect can only be quantified by regarding the nuclei as static structures.

It is asserted that the radioactive isotopes occur when the equilibrium of forces is achieved, although marginally. This allows for structural vibration and eventual self-destruction. Structural vibration results in liquefaction of structural bonds which results in the processes and time interval of decay. In extremely large nuclei, this structural vibration is unavoidable. This structural model of atomic nuclei is fully compatible with experimental data of decay processes and transmutation.

Kent Deatherage, 1996-2003

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