Kent Deatherage
 
 

This is the proton structure of gold 197, 79 protons at common minimum distance. The inner core is two aligned equilateral triangles. This structure contains the structures of C-13, F-19, Na-23, Cl-35, Cu-63 and Ag-105. A valid analyses of this structure in itself reveals a level of coincidence whereby the mathematical probability is 100% that it is the correct structure for gold and that the nucleons are in static relative motion. This essay details a comprehensive study of all isotopes, hydrogen to calcium, copper, iron and gold which reveals an engineering proof that can not be refuted. By simple and common structural principles, each isotope can be precisely defined. The finite number of isotopes and the specific number of neutrons in each isotope is precisely predicted by these simple principles.
 

This thesis is a critical analyses of the study of stable structures created by strong attractive forces among common particles. An objective study merely of the engineering of such structures can be done. Because the protons are identical and achieve a common minimum distance to eachother, scaled models correctly replicate the structural organizations. There are only a finite number of possibililties of such structural organizations for each number of particles at common minimum distance.

When this study is conducted, this finite number of structural organizations coincides exactly with the number of stable isotopes for each element. These structures consist only of the number of protons.
The engineering of the neutrons then coincides precisely also.

Static nuclear structure is a yes or no proposition.
Absolute proof of static nuclear structure is a yes or no proposition.
 

The correlation of these structural organizations to the known list of stable isotopes must be purely coincidental if indeed contemporary theory is correct with its supposed proof to the negative of static nuclear structure.

This cannot be so as the correlation is perfect.
This engineering of common particles precisely predicts every point of data such as relative proportional occurences, individual levels of mass defect, radiaoactive isotopes and their half-lives and decay processes and products.

No theoretical preclusion is valid.
Nuclei exist in static structural organization.

Any theoretical analyses must be compatible with this proven fact.
 
 

to hypothesisZ,element,isotopes
 

 ----B------- N-15. Aluminum 27. Extends to K-39, K-41, K-40*, Ca 46 and Fe-58. Modified extension to S-33.

By working solely with the protons as the structural units which will exist at their common minimum distance (a scaled unit distance), and considering the neutrons as a fluid that exerts pressure as well as attractive force, the structures at each Z value can be derived. The number of neutrons and their placement in each structure can then be determined because the neutrons also must exist symmetrically and they must exist in a particular relationship to the proton bonds. The case of aluminum is a good example. Aluminum has only one isotope, Al-27. Structurally at thirteen units the only structure available is a hexagon with a center proton, and three protons attached symmetrically on either side. This structure must have fourteen neutrons in order for the neutrons to be symmetrically placed.

Carbon has a Z value of six. Carbon has two stable isotopes. C-12 composes 98.9% of a carbon sample. C-13 composes 1.1%. Another isotope that occurs naturally is C-!4. It is radioactive and not stable and decomposes with a half life of 5760 years. It is formed by neutron bombardment of N-14 and occurs naturally. Three protons will necessarily achieve an equilateral triangle at their minimum common distance. The only possible structures for six units therefore are two triangles, either aligned or offset. These are the two stable isotopes of carbon. Carbon 13 is the two aligned sets and has the extra neutron. The pressure of the extra neutron as well as the need for its position in the center of the structure to laterally maintain the two triangles that are aligned dictates this.

----C-----C-12. Silicon 28. Modified extension to Fe-56.
 
 

----D-----C-13, F-19, Phosphorous 31. Extends to Ag 107.
 
 

One more structure is available at six units, a hexagon, which composes C-14.. This structure has an extreme tendency to develop and maintain vibrations as is indicated by its radioactivity and half life. The two extra neutrons form an axis within the hexagon. Carbon 14 is formed when a neutron is acquiesced by a N-14 atom. A neutron is then ejected and C-14 is formed. When C-14 decays, a neutron is converted into a proton and it reforms N-14.
 
 

----E-----C-14*--------N-14. Also B-10.
 
 

The two structures of nitrogen are relatively simple, though perhaps the most difficult to derive. By simple proton arrangement a pentagon with two protons attached on either side is the simplest structure. This would require two neutrons in the central axis between these two protons. The two protons would not be at their minimum distance from each other which makes this possible. It can be seen that these two neutrons in this position are even required to keep the structure from collapsing. That this structure would be transmuted to C-14 relatively easy, is readily apparent. This susceptibility to neutron bombardment is unique to N-14. Nitrogen 15 must be a hexagon with a center proton and one extra neutron.(Fig. B) The addition of vectors in a common plane requires this. The two neutrons on either side seem unsupported, but their equilibrium would be maintained by the hexagons of protons and neutrons. N-15 is rare and composes .37% of nitrogen.

By the processes of liquefaction, the only structure and the only isotope of phosphorus is the simple structure of three aligned triangles and six protons attached, an extended fluorine nucleus. (Fig. D) The interior triangle has a neutron in its center. This neutron maintains lateral support although this structure is extremely stable. Any more neutrons added to this structure will condense this structure. This structure can also be visualized as three integrated hexagons with a center proton.

The following facts have been well scientifically established;

The number of isotopes for each element and the weight of the most common isotopes and relative proportional occurrences. Oxygen and iron are abundant elements in our solar system and in many star systems........ No stable isotopes exist at mass number 5 and 8. Argon's average elemental weight is higher than potassium. Carbon and potassium have natural radioactive isotopes which decay into stable isotopes of other elements........Protons and neutrons weigh nearly the same. Free neutrons disassociated from a nucleus decay within several minutes into a proton and high energy electron. The conversion of protons to neutrons within unstable nuclei and vice-versa is routine phenomena in nuclear science and have been precisely traced........In chemical properties and in spectra from the elements a period of similarities occurs and disappears in a chart of the elements. Some elements or isotopes have unique properties or characteristics such as Ferro-magnetism and conductivity........The nucleus of iron 57 does not recoil from absorption and reemission of gamma radiation........A variable and somewhat periodic amount of minute missing mass occurs in the weights of nuclei. The term for this is mass defect. When this missing mass was discovered, Einstein recognized it to be the equivalent of the energy of binding according to E=mc2.

The 92 natural elements in different combinations comprise all substances. The elements are differentiated by their variation in nuclear electrical power, (Z value or number of protons). Hydrogen has Z value 1, therefore one proton. Carbon has Z value 6, therefore six protons. The electrical Z value of a nucleus can be determined by the degree of deflection in an electric field. Z value is always an integral of one proton's electrical power.

The deflection of scattering experiments also reveals a variation in weight of nuclei of common Z value. Therefore the weight of nuclei can be attributed to an integral number of neutrons in each nucleus. Many elements have only one stable isotope. All the nuclei of this element are of common weight. Other elements have a various weighted nuclei: different isotopes of the same element. These isotopes occur in precise relative amounts in any sample of an element obtained from any location.

Example; Iron has four stable isotopes. In any sample of iron, Fe-56 composes 91.7% of the sample. This isotope has 26 protons and 30 neutrons. Fe-54 composes 5.8% of the sample. (Fe-54=26 protons, 28 neutrons). Fe -57 composes 2.2%,( Fe-57=26 protons, 31 neutrons). Fe-58 composes .28%, (Fe-58=26 protons, 32 neutrons.) There is a very slight difference in proportions of isotopes of extraterrestrial iron. (meteorites)

If the two structures representing the two stable isotopes of carbon are continued structurally, it becomes clear that to add to the structures requires adding all the way around the structure to maintain its symmetry. With carbon 12 this requires eight protons and this creates a perfect cube. (Fig. C) This surely is the structure of silicon 28. The simplicity of the structure and its perfect symmetry shows that it would be the product if this number of nucleons were entirely liquefied. The proportional abundance of silicon 28 is a direct product of its simplicity and uniform distribution of mass. The face centered cubic stucture results in the high mass defect of Si-28. Only at greater number of particles is the hexagonal packing, the least energy organization.

Iron composes one third of the earth's mass and in star systems that have elements of this weight or higher, it is also extremely abundant, being the most common of the heavier elements. Iron 56 composes 92% of iron and has the highest mass defect of any isotope within the periodic chart. The natural structural extension of silicon 28 is the proton arrangement of iron 56. This structure is the least energy structure of 56 nucleons and, or 26 protons. This structure exemplifies a simple lattice while also incorporating the strength of in-line posting and the strength of the completed circular hexagon. 56 nucleons would achieve this structure with the conversion of nucleons needed to attain it. This structure is also almost indestructible meaning its survivability inside the condition of a star is much greater. The other isotopes of iron each derive from a unique form of symmetry and each one is the lowest energy structure for the symmetry they possess.

----F-----Iron 56. Modified extension from Si-28. Four added neutrons in four aligned triangles.
 
 

Silicon 29 with an extra neutron therefore must have this neutron at its center. A perfectly symmetrical structure of eight protons forming a cube and six more protons added on each face of the cube is the result. This structure is very stable. The symmetry is achieved and the lateral supports at all points are achieved. Another layer around this structure is accomplished by 12 protons, no more and no less. This produces iron 57. The greater force of the attraction of the greater number of nucleons compresses the five added neutrons into the interior cube with a center neutron.

----G-----Iron 57. Mg-26, Si-29. Modified extension to Ca-44. Iron has the highest binding energy of all elements. With a center neutron, five added neutrons are compressed around the interior cube.

 -------------Extends by duplicating center proton and hexagon. At this point it is Ca-46. Addition of six protons around the central plane results in Fe-58. Six extra neutrons in six sets of aligned triangles as in C-13.

 -------------Extends to iron 54. Two protons at top and at the bottom of picture. At this point this is calcium 40. Six protons around central plane bring this structure to its highest extension. Two extra neutrons in two sets of aligned triangles.

A fifth stable structure of 26 units does not exist.
Iron therefore has only four stable isotopes.
 
 
 

On first viewing the structure of Fe-57 it seems haphazard and too complex to be achieved through liquefaction. But if it is considered that the nucleus will behave like a liquid drop, and until it achieves an equalization in surface pressure it will continue to have internal motion, and the fact that this internal structure is so perfect indicates that this structure would be attained. The fact that the nuclei are in states of continued spin also forces the need for balanced distribution of mass. Lack of perfect balance produces internal vibrations.

Iron 57 has a unique quality in being able to absorb gamma radiation without recoil. In analyzing this structure derived for iron 57, it becomes evident that for this structure the distribution of mass is much different than all the other structures. The distribution of mass does not favor an axis of spin. This is also true of the silicon structures but they are much lighter weight and they would still recoil from the gamma radiation. Iron 57 is probably the highest extension from the internal core organization of the six sided cubic symmetry. Structures above Z value of 26 are most probably entirely conforming to bi-symmetry, with an identical top and bottom, and tri-symmetry around a central axis.(as in fig. A or B)

Quantum theory cannot prove the negative of static nuclear structure in the face of a fundamental and conclusive proof to the positive and in its science tolerates several theoretical nuclear models.

This essay is not in contradiction to the quantum theory of Maxwell Planck and Albert Einstein. Planck's theory of the electron oscillator and his derivation of mean energy of the oscillator is perhaps the greatest intellectual feats of humankind. Contemporary science rejected Planck's work until Einstein showed many applications. Einstein's prediction of the energy of the electrons in the photo-electric effect, provided validation of Planck's assessment of the energy of light quanta. Neil's Bohr rejected Planck's theory of the electron oscillator and introduced the theory of "electron orbital potential energy conversion" as producing light quanta. This was an attempt to apply Einstein's ...'mass to energy conversion in binding'... to the electron-nucleus relationship. This means least potential energy in closest relationship. This is true in static chemical binding and in static nuclear binding, (the negative enthalpy of fusion and oxidation). But it should be noted that orbital energy is greater at shorter radius according to Keplers laws. i.e. The moon as it loses energy due to tidal friction, increases its orbital radius. The Pauli Principles also actually begin with this same fallacy of least energy being a closer orbital radius and is actually only an extension of Bohr's theory which failed  in application to the spectra of helium and all other complex or refined spectra.

Einstein supported the de'Broglie wave mechanics but these mechanics failed to predict the energy levels of hydrogen. Erwin Schrodinger and Werner Heisenberg independently developed the math of defining the differential operators and eigenfunction. But the discovery of the splitting of the anomalous Zeeman effect, left it to Wolfgang Pauli to invent the quantized spin moments of the electron and the energy of its magnetic moment. The electron, in existing in the Coulomb field of the nucleus, is not free to produce such a dis-related and variable magnetic moment in its own spin, and the complex assignations to the electrons, which include such things as parallel and anti-parallel spin, are not scientifically discovered fact. The further invention of electron orbitals, to explain the specific static binding points in chemistry, are only tolerated due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and in actuality have no fundamental property except for their existence in experimental data where they often must be adjusted to each specific case. Planck's primary hypothesis was of the electron oscillator and his constant is the mean energy of the oscillator. Planck's law perfectly predicts the energy of blackbody radiation. Quantum theory does not predict static nuclear structure and is incompatible thereof. This simple proof subverts nearly all of quantum theory including the complex and expensive world of particle physics.

If the structure of carbon 13 is developed, a simple addition of three in a central plane creates an extremely stable structure. This entirely coincides with Z value of 9, and weight of 19, indicating fluorine 19. (Fig. D) Fluorine has this single isotope. In attempting to derive any other structures for nine units, it is clear that this is the only structure that can be derived, especially understanding that the structure must remain organized in complete liquefaction. The internal six units by their mutual common attraction dominate the structure and force the remaining three protons to their outside position. Also for this structure to exist it must have the internal center neutron, the same as carbon 13. Fluorine is unique among all elements in that it has the highest level of electronegativity of all elements. Although this is probably the result of various factors, the fact is that this structure is like carbon 12, in the respect that its electrical units are uniformly spaced to the arc of a sphere described around the structure. Above the Z value of 9, this condition is no longer attainable.

The next simple addition to this structure would be a proton added at either pole of its axis, which entirely coincides with sodium 23. With eleven units another structure can be built (the interior of chlorine 37). However it can be seen that the common attraction of the external units would split the interior two proton axis and force these two protons to their polar position. Boron has two isotopes. It's most common isotope has 6 neutrons. Adding a proton to the simple tetrahedron structure of beryllium creates a structure that is unstable. The two protons and force of the neutrons, collapse this structure into the structure of five units in the interior of Cl-37.

----H-----------B-11, O-17, Chlorine 37. Extends to Cu-65
 
 

The structure of sodium has an important deviation from spherical symmetry. It is at the beginning of the period which means high atomic radius and low electronegativity.

It can be shown that the periods and the disappearance of the period in the transition metals, is initially produced by the amount of deviation from spherical symmetry in the structures that must be the structures at each level of Z. The alkalis all have a strong deviation from spherical symmetry. This results in a form of polarization meaning different levels of electrical value in different regions around the nucleus. This fact would mean that at all times, both axis of spin are affected by this unequal distribution of electrical field. This leads to a random and non-precessional spin. A more spherical structure is not affected in this way to this extent.

In the period, the alkalis have this strong deviation from spherical symmetry. The carbon group has high spherical symmetry. The halogens also have high spherical symmetry. The inert elements, whether it is the cause for this property or not, occur at 10 units, and then 18 and multiples of 18. These numbers have the most symmetrical displacement of mass and the isotopes of these elements probably have a common proton structure which can support a different number of neutrons. It is these points that define the periods although surely the properties are a result of electron structure. These nuclear characteristics affect electron structure and can be seen directly in relative atomic radius. These points are caused by the numerical requirements of building a sphere. After calcium these requirements are much more easily met. The structures through the twenties are most spherical. The period therefore disappears through this region of the periodic chart of the transition metals. This asymmetry reoccurs above zinc and above the inert elements. The most even distribution of mass in all three axis of structure occurs in the Ferro-magnetics. These assertions are most easily validated by the most simple geometry, and construction of least energy symmetrical structures for any value of Z.

From astronomy it is known that magnesium 24, sulfur 32, and calcium 40, are among the more abundant of heavier elements.  With 12 protons the lowest energy structure is the one described. This form of structuralization requires a minimum of 12 protons. It is built bi-symmetrically around an inner two proton axis. At these numbers it is most decidedly the minimum energy proton structure. This can be directly measured and related to the regular series of mass defect which is measured in these isotopes. This structure extends to iron 54.

----I-----.---------

------------Mg-24, Sulfur 32. Extends to Ca-40 and Fe-54.

The other isotopes of magnesium are easily determined and the neutrons placed to identify them. A fourth viable proton structure of 12 units that can withstand complete liquefaction does not exist. (Fig.J-Mg25. Fig.G-Mg26)

----J-----.Magnesium 25. Modified extension to Ca-43
 
 

With potassium the three isotopes are clearly discovered to be the only possible structures for 19 units including the radioactive isotope K-40. (Fig. B, Fig. K) The aluminum structure cannot support single protons attached at either end. These protons and the neutrons associated with them will pull into the structure and destroy it. It does support the structure of K-40 and the packing of the neutrons helps to maintain the structure which is very nearly stable although subject to vibrations. A barrel formation such as this occurs rarely in galactic formations, which are also governed by the dynamics of common attraction. K-40 has a half-life of about 1.3 billion years and decays into the stable isotope, Argon-40.With this long half life, it exist as one of the natural radioactive isotopes.

----K-----------K-40*
 
 

The case of sulfur is also one of the best individual proofs of static nuclear structure. A tri-symmetrical structure of 16 units in liquefaction would always achieve the same organization, sulfur 33.(modification of Al-27, Fig. B) This structure has a center proton and an extra neutron to balance this proton’s neutron. The extension of magnesium 24 is sulfur 32,(Fig. I) the lowest energy proton structure for 16 units and the most common isotope. The lowest energy quadra-symmetry structure is two layers of eight protons in a common plane, sulfur 34. (Fig. L) Going through all possible structural organizations, it is then clear that sulfur 36 is derived from the symmetry of a pentagon with its four extra neutrons combining with the center proton’s neutron to achieve the symmetrical placement of the neutrons.(Modification of Fig.N) The isotope of mass number 35, is therefore chlorine.(extension of Na-23 by six protons)

----L------Sulfur 34. Extends to Ca-48.

Calcium is a very round number, easily attainable by various symmetries and structural organizations. There is however a finite number of structures that can be built with twenty units. For the most part, the structures of calcium are dependent upon the number of accompanying neutrons and the pressure they exert.  Following the development of the finite number of various proton structural arrangements of the inner core of structures, it is possible to see why with this round number there are more isotopes with calcium than at lower numbers of Z. The structures of calcium are very simple, stable and uniquely defined within four different basic symmetries. It is possible to specify the existence of only six stable isotopes of calcium by structural principles. (Atomic numbers in order of proportional occurrence 40,44,42,48,43,46 ) The placement of the neutrons perfectly fits in these structures perfectly predicting the random weights of the six isotopes of calcium.

The most common isotope of calcium is the simple extension by two protons at either end of the structure which forms S-32 the most common isotope of sulfur. Ca-40 shows a strong deviation from the normal curve of mass defect as does Mg-24 and S-32. In this structure the common minimum distance of the outside square stops the perfect attainment of minimum distance to the interior four units in the common plane. This causes greater pressure against the forces in equilibrium, closer minimum distance and greater mass defect. The deviation of  O-16 and S-36 can also be shown to be caused by this principle however in different structural organization.

This structure of Ca-40 extends into the second most common isotope of iron Fe-54. Perfect placement of the neutrons supports this conclusion. This is  a bi-symetrical structure.

The second most common isotope of calcium is Ca-44, four neutrons more than number of protons. The extremely simplistic structure of three aligned unit squares with  four pairs of protons at unit distance on each of  the four sides. The extra four neutrons oppose the four neutrons from the inner square to support this structure from collapse. This is quadrasymetrical symmetry.

The third most common isotope is Ca-42, the simple extension of the organization of O-16. That this structure has the same interior structure as O-16 does not mean it is chemically similar or that it must derive from the pre-existing structure of O-16. It is only a stable structural organization which requires a specific number nucleons in order to be achieved.
This structure has eight neutrons within the inner hexagon and a neutron attached at either end of structure. This is a perfectly balanced and stable structure. It obeys tri-symetry in central plane and bi-symmetry in hemispheres.

Fourth most common isotope of calcium is Ca-48. This structure develops from the six sided cubic symmetry and has six identical regions, the extension of S-34. This structure requires the saturation of 8 extra neutrons to maintain from collapse into the common plane.

The rarest of the isotopes of calcium are Ca- 43 and Ca-46. The structure of Ca.43, (three offset sets of six, Fig.J  with one proton at at either end) is very stable yet delicate to achieve. Likewise Ca-46 is stable and intrinsically requiring the 6 extra neutrons, however it is clearly also a delicate organization to achieve. Likewise this structural organization forms the least common isotope of iron, Fe-58, six extra neutrons to number of protons. In Ca-43, the three extra neutrons form a tier in the central axis and three neutrons are forced outside the central triangle remaining in the central plane. Both of these structures are tri symmetrical but are not as common as the very simplistic structural organization of Ca-42. The fact that the other isotopes of calcium have mass numbers closer to multiples of 4, (or the mass number of an alpa particle), also probably has much to do with the commonness of their occurrences.
 
 

Oxygen is certainly one of the most abundant elements. The simplicity of a hexagon around a two proton axis must be the reason. The distance from the units in the hexagon to the two units of the axis is slightly over the minimum distance. In this arrangement the forces are balanced and this is the least energy arrangement for eight units. Two neutrons are at 180 degrees opposed inside the hexagon. O-16 has an extremely high mass defect which is generally associated with the regular series of defect of multiples of four. O-16 composes 99.759 % of all oxygen. (0-18, .204% , 0-17, .037%) Considering that in formation, the alpha particle is actually the most common building block, as formation occurs in regions where helium predominates, the common abundance of oxygen can easily be seen. The inner two proton core is a simple alpha particle.

----M----- O-16, Silicon 30. Extends to Ca-42.

With this one must consider the case of helium. Certainly the two neutrons must be attached to the two protons at either 180 degrees or attached together on the same side of the two protons. Considering that a liquid drop above all must achieve equalization of surface pressure by achieving symmetry, and the fact that the nucleus will always be in a state of spin, it can be seen that the most common neutron state must be attached at 180 degrees (parhelium). This is supported by the fact that helium produces completely distinct and non combining ortho and para spectra. These spectra also are shown to come from distinct atoms of helium which are not easily converted.

The case of helium would be unique among all elements in that the extremely polarized nucleus would have only two electrons to integrate into the electromagnetic fields that the erratic quadrapole would produce. This static structure nucleus would be affected by its own deviation from spherical symmetry as an alkali nucleus would. This would explain its extremely inert properties. The two electrons would not under these conditions be able to participate in molecular binding or even be able to form a solid at low temperatures. In a highly excited state the helium nucleus would, at times, rotate solely around the axis of mass that the two neutrons creates, producing the unique spectra of parhelium with it’s metastable states.

Three protons would naturally form an equilateral triangle. This would obviously give lithium the structure of an alkali nucleus. The most common isotope has one extra neutron. This structure must be two neutrons attached on either side of the triangle. At first this may not seem adequately symmetrical, but the two neutrons on either side would be binding to two of the protons, and their lateral motion negated by the third, an important structural principle. The second isotope of lithium would be three neutrons in an axis of the triangle. This shows the much closer proximity that neutrons can exist to other protons and neutrons.

If one takes the structure of sodium 23 , and extends it structurally by natural structural principles, a perfect structure is developed at 29 units. To extend this structure any further requires 18 protons, no more no less, for a total of 47. Naturally extending this structure results in the structure of 79 units. It may seem difficult to say or to prove that this is the only viable structure at 79 units, as gold has only one isotope. This structure must be tri-symmetrical however meaning that a specific number must be in the central axis to leave a multiple of three. This requires one or four protons in the central axis which much simplifies the elimination of possible structures and to someone working solely on the structural principles with this structure, it is clear that this is the structure of gold.

-----N----------------------------------

----------------

C-13, F-19, Na-23, Cl-35, Cu-63, Ag-109, Au-197.

to hypothesisZ,element,isotopes

The empirical fact that trace amounts of copper, silver and gold always occur with natural occurrence of the others must have a fundamental reason in nature. Any explanation the currently accepted shell model of nuclear theory offers must be extremely weak. Mercury is also imminently associated in much of gold’s natural occurrences and in neutron bombardment. This relationship, of these structural occurrences at specific numbers of building units, to these empirical facts is, in itself, a very good case for static nuclear theory.

The properties of the atoms are caused by their electrons and the electron structure. However the property of conductivity, which copper, silver and gold hold above all elements, and the property of Ferro-magnetism, which in some iron alloys, is 100,000 times greater that any other element, more likely stem from characteristics of the nuclei instead of electron structure. The protons are able to bind because of synchronization of directional vectors of their electric fields, some arrangements result in greater directional integration or a polarization meaning different values of electrical field at different regions around the nucleus. This polarization is different than the deviation from spherical symmetry. This effect can be seen with the copper, silver and gold structures. A much more plausible explanation for the noble metals common property of conductivity then what contemporary theory can possibly formulate. The structures of iron have a uniform mass distribution in a heavy metal that no other element has. The energy invoved in the property of Ferro-magnetism is much greater than can be plausibly explained to some variation in electron structure unique to iron. The structures of 26 protons are extremely balanced. The property of Ferro-magnetism must stem from this and its relevance to neighboring atoms achieving a common polarization of nuclear spin.The unique electrical properties of silicon also must stem from its unique balance of mass.
 
 

This theoretical nuclear model was developed on the principle that the protons are able to achieve a synchronization of the directional components of the vectors of their electric fields . The protons have a form of oscillating field, and because they are all precisely identical, this can be achieved. With their vibrations synchronized, the electric fields of the protons are combined into the electric field of the Z value, which is a simple addition of the proton’s electrical power. At a certain proximity, which is the important structural distance, the electric fields will still prohibit the protons from joining any closer. The neutrons therefore can exist at much closer proximity to both protons and other neutrons. The fact that conversion of nucleons is routine phenomena in decay processes, shows that the formation of a neutron is requisite of proximity to the proton’s electric field and without this proximity the neutron will decay. It is possible to derive a geometrical formulation of the proton’s electric fields. The synchronization of directional values of the vectors is easy to achieve in a direct relationship of protons, even in complex structures. However in adjacent areas to these proton bonds, the directional component of the electric field vectors will tend to conflict. It is in this electrical pressure that the neutrons are formed.

The strong nuclear force is at its greatest value in a purely static condition. Any loosening of bonds or internal force in the nucleus allows and further creates structural vibration. The nucleus cools as it achieves a stable structure and the bonds are much more rigid in a stable state with perfect equilibrium of force. This is evidenced by the time interval which occurs with neutron bombardment and decay. Added neutrons subvert the symmetry and equalization of force resulting in internal force and vibrations. The group of nucleons behaves as a liquid drop seeking its lowest energy compression. With the conversion of nucleons, the internal stable proton structure must be achieved for stability to be attained. In larger structures, the internal vibrations can dislodge alpha particles. Some structures achieve the force equalization but still have a tendency to conduct vibrations. These are the radioactive isotopes. Because of the distance across extremely large structures, the heaviest elements have a natural structural vibration and are always radioactive.

The combined electric fields of the protons maintain the mass and energy of the nucleus at its specific levels. The interaction of a nucleus with its own electric field and it’s electrons will therefore propagate continued spin for the nucleus. The distribution of mass in different nuclei should therefore be apparent in empirical data.

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Kent Deatherage, 1996-2003