Fundamental Proof of Static Nuclear Structure
and Atomic Physics
 

Kent Deatherage

Static Nuclear Structure

Electronic and Chemical Application

Hypothesis: Z,  Element,Isotopes

Quantum theory attributes it's origins to Maxwell Planck's (1900) development of a theory of electromagnetic radiation energy in which he derived a mean energy of the electron oscillator of which any quotient of energy must be an integral value. This idea was not fundamentally accepted by science as there was no precedence of integral values in nature. Classical science and mathematics however was at a failure to explain the diminishing value of energy in radiative emissions as the wavelengths approach the ultra-violet. (the "ultraviolet catastrophe") Planck sought to explain this and developed the law of blackbody radiation. Albert Einstein (1905) was the first to recognize Planck's work.

It was clear to science at this time that the emissions in this region approaching the ultraviolet are broken into emission lines at mathematical intervals, although all existing lines were not yet then observed. The mystery of the intervals of the emission lines led to the radical departure of scientific thought known as quantum mechanics.

Planck's hypothesis was that each spectral line originates from a corresponding electron oscillator. He did not impose the "quantum conditions" of arbitrary energy levels which were developed by Neils Bohr (1913) and which remain today as the basis for quantum theory.  Bohr's theory was that the electron absorbs energy in only specified values which stipulate the greater or lesser orbital radii around the nucleus.  No fundamental explanation was achieved for why only these specified radii of orbit are possible. Werner Heisenberg (1925) in development of his matrix mechanics began his theory with a denouement of Bohr's theory, in retrospective of its failure. His point was to work only with the available data of the spectral frequencies because it is clear that any experiment at the level of the atom, disturbs the state of the atom and thus a valid scientific evaluation from the experimental data is not possible. The distortion of this principle is a major basis for modern theory.

Modern quantum theory cannot function without Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Heisenberg initially attempted to explain the spectra of helium. His mathematics failed to explain the observed spectra without the adaptation of the believed fact that the electron has an independent spin moment as it is revolving the nucleus. Without this invention, which is highly unlikely, Heisenberg's mathematics are false and worthless. This began the continued trend to making up physical concepts when theory failed, and the assumption that these entirely unheard of principles were valid because without them, the accepted theories failed completely. These invented principles contradict the fundamental laws of physics. Einstein never accepted this theoretical breach of the fundamental laws.

Einstein is credited with the formal development of the law of conservation of mass and energy and the law of conservation of momentum and energy with its finer ramifications in the theory of relativity. All of physics is based upon these laws which have been found to be valid in all cases. Quantum theorists insist that these laws do not apply beginning at the microscopic point (the uncertainty relation) at which direct experiment cannot be conducted, and continue on this basis in the most expensive of all academic research. Einstein admonished quantum theory and attempted to define it as invalid in a paper in 1935.  It could be well argued that no merit will ever be found in this theoretical approach and that quantum mechanics is based upon the resentment of Einstein by the academic world for dominating every point in theoretical science more than any scientific basis, logical basis or observance of any natural phenomena.

Matrices are only useful as a simplified way of solving repetitive complex differential equations. The theorems of matrices must be strictly obeyed and to solve many problems matrices are incapable and one must return to the algebra of the differential equation. Although Shrodinger showed his math for identifying the differential operators was identical to Heisenberg's, Shrodinger's math is more complete and useful for identifying the individual series of atomic spectra. The Zeeman effects could not be explained by Shrodinger without the concept of 'space quantisation' (integral values of spin moment).  This left theory in the realm of Neils Bohr and W. Pauli with their specified and unexplained specific energy levels. Wave harmonics can also not explain the spectra of helium.  Heisenberg's explanation initially fails to predict the occurrences of the two spectra,  parhelium and orthohelium.  A most absurd invention of physical mechanics rectifies this failure. His model also duplicates Bohr's theory for radius change and energy absorption and release.

Although quantumnists are fond of believing that a 'formalism' or underlying mathematical justification for their quantum values exists, the goal to encompass experimental data eludes this theoretical approach.  An example is the failure of Dirac's 'wave equation for the electron' to predict or explain the deviations of the hypermultiplet interval rule. Quantumnists also await the coming of the fabled 'unified theory'.  This proves simply that the underlying mathematical formalism has not been achieved.

Bohr's theory had initially been very successful. A mathematical formulation of angular momentum and potential energy conversion that corresponded to the relevant intervals of quantisation. This theory rejected the idea of the electron oscillator of Planck. (The electrons quasi-elastically bound with the associated harmonics and all energy integral multiples of h) Bohr's theory failed in application to more complex spectra. Bohr's theory is also an invalid application of angular momentum. This is an example of an accepted and supposed mathematical proof being invalid. (The perversion of principles of angular momentum continues unabated. Principles which apply only to an intact rotating body are applied to revolving orbital bodies. In even a simple analyses, a orbital body cannot increase it's momentum at greater radius simply because the force of attraction decreases at greater radius and it does not have the intact structure of a rotating body or an intact structure such as a string or wire tied to it. Any greater momentum would surely take it out of similar circular orbital motion. In real orbital motion, as predictied by Kepler, greater radius means slower orbital velocity and less momentum. This blatant inaccurate application of basic physics is unobjectively taught and learned by those supposed specialist in this discipline.)
 

The helium spectra, the doublets of the alkalis, the normal and anomalous Zeeman effect and deviations of the hyper-multiplet interval rule are all still beyond the scope of quantum physics without the arbitrary assignment of quantum conditions which are not fundamentally explained. Not to mention the simple hydrogen terms or the plethora of forbidden lines, anomalous terms and perturbated terms which occur throughout spectra, which directly contradict the mathematical expression of the selection or interval rule, or the fundamental principles of the wave mechanic's harmonics and the reason for the specific intervals of quantisation in the spectra of the elements.

Helium has two distinct spectra. These 'para' and 'ortho' spectra are known to be caused by distinct and different atoms of helium of the same weight, which are not easily converted between the two even in complete ionization and re-acquisition of electrons. There must be characteristic of the nuclei specifying these separate spectra although they have identical weight. Modern theory explains this by an imposition of a quantum condition of 'parallel or anti parallel' spin of the electrons. No explanation is offered as to what keeps the electrons in parallel or anti-parallel spin, or why the electrons know they are in parhelium or orthohelium.

The import of Heisenberg's logic is that the physical principles within the atom are different than in normal physics. Without the ability to do experiment at this microscopic level, these principles must be elucidated theoretically. This logic should lead to the conclusion that by the definition of science, facts cannot be fundamentally established. Instead the overpaid charlatans of quantum science use this scientific ambiguity to create and disperse their fairy tales. This neo-political world, (which only exists in academia since it has no application to real physical science), spends the better part of its energy in supporting itself and creating the annual budget proposal. Acceptance and rejection of theories and research support is purely subjective and done by the buddy-buddy politics of the university circuit

Quantum conditions are used then at every point in spectral and chemical electronic theory. Discovery of any deviation in experimental data (1st case is hydrogen terms) from the simple harmonics of the de'Broglie 2pi harmonics, are therefore considered indications of a new quantum condition, and a formulation of some mathematical reason for the new harmonic is considered a scientific proof of the quantum condition. In particle physics this is perfected with the quantum conditions of colored quarks, up and down quarks and top and bottom quarks. A careful application of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle allows science to understand what it cannot prove. Quantum math simplifies entities to point charges. Angular momentum of nuclear spin is thought to be in only quantized values. Elaborate new principles are molded and created which supposedly were beyond the scope of Einstein's understanding. Since these principles only exist in the quantum netherworld, they have little effect upon tangible reality except for the quanta of billions of dollars that these theorists spend looking for the deep dark secret of nature. Einstein provided the theory that led to the development of the laser beam 43 years later in 1960. All without the help of the brilliant electronic theories of Pauli, which are likewise wholly incompatible with this common phenomenon of the modern age.

Modern quantum theory arrogates itself a scientific plateau whereby it directly calls the work of Planck and Einstein archaic. Planck and Einstein were both educated in the most refined schools of German science in which mathematical precision was not aided by calculators or computers. Einstein's personal genius and application of genuine mathematics allowed him to solve all the important problems in physics. Without Einstein to personally explain his processes of analysis, these modern theorists will never derive or understand Einstein's mathematics. Modern theorists are not bothered by their invalidity to the truths of science. This includes several Nobel prizes which are invalid. Preponderance of theoretical error and communal consensus does not establish scientific fact.

Without the belief in the quantized nuclear spin, (which only those determined adherents to the quantum faith can understand), all of quantum theory's formulations fall apart. From the electronic to the quark theory. The great prophet (and poster boy for the political government of Germany of the 30's and early 40's), Herr Heisenberg, hath bequeathed unto his disciples the wisdom to envision such things for their mathematical foundation.

W. Pauli (1925) brought the concept of quantized spin to science. An analyses of Pauli's theories shows them to be incorrect on every point. An example is in the second ionization potential. After removal of the first electron, the ionization potential for the removal of the second electron is much greater than the first. According to the Pauli principles, this second electron is bound by this same amount of energy while it is underneath the first electron. It is much more likely that with fewer electrons, the binding energy per electron is higher. (The sodium ion, (Na+), and the fluorine ion, (F-), have the same number of electrons in supposedly the closed shell configuration of neon. The increase in nuclear electric charge for the sodium ion draws the electron shells closer to the nucleus and the sodium ion is about 30% smaller than the fluoride ion. The neon atom is intermediate in size.)

This false interpretation by Pauli that inner parts of the atom are bound more tightly and are unaffected until this higher energy level is reached, serves particle theory's ever increasing demand for stupendous amounts of money for more powerful accelerators to 'unlock' these ever less tangible 'fundamental' particles.

The Pauli principles are useless in regards to atomic radii and ionic radii, are useless to explain chemical reactions, combinations and oxidation states, and are only useful to the spectroscopist as nomenclature for spectral lines. Although Pauli initially gained preeminence for chemical application, modern chemists opt for the 'electron probability density distribution' which can be molded to any need, and have their own energy level diagram for electron shells and sub-shells. Pauli's system of shells only vaguely represent the periods of the first 20 elements and then is at complete failure. It's history then is of inventions to rectify its failures. Yet the Pauli principles are taught as discovered scientific fact, and the phenomena that it fails to explain are ignored or glossed over. An example are the high energy forbidden lines of hydrogen.

The fact that the Ferromagnetic properties of iron are 100,000 times greater than any other element cannot be explained by current electronic theory. Although the transition of water between the states is the simplest of chemical process, and despite a complex theoretical model of water, present theory cannot explain the fact that the highest density of water is 4 degrees above freezing, although in this region between freezing there is no more enthalpy of liquefaction. And the theory that the water molecules achieve a closer packing order as a liquid to make it less dense as a solid would make it opaque as a liquid.

The Pauli principles fail to explain chemistry. Modern quantum theory has a completely invented set of principles derived from Pauli's theories for nuclear structure. These invented and inadequate principles are today applied to an elaborate and false theory to explain chemistry. The amount of work and money that is spent in this futile and non-scientific endeavor is astounding, this being modern theoretical chemistry. Quantum theory only mentions Einstein or Planck as it needs and often directly insults them. Quantum theory is almost solely derived from the "principle" inventions of W. Pauli, his adaptations to wave mechanics, and his implementation of Dirac's relativity interpretation of negative quantities.

Planck merely analyzed the energy, therefore the intensity of radiation energy. Quantum theory cannot derive its initial justification from his constant, while even rejecting his actual hypothesis of the electron oscillator in favor of the Bohr-Pauli principles of potential energy conversion and specified energy levels due to the elaborate quantum conditions. Heisenberg's and Pauli's theories retain the initial premise of Neils Bohr's failed theory which rejected Planck's hypothesis.

Although Bohr's theory was an entirely incorrect application of angular momentum from Kepler's laws and made no attempt to justify the specification of the energy levels, it had become entrenched in academic rhetoric and could not be abandoned when it failed upon the refinement of spectroscopic analyses.  Heisenberg and Pauli delivered a patched up and modified Bohr's theory and joined by Dirac with the mathematical manipulation of his yen-yang particle theory, congratulated themselves on theoretical achievement, the avant-garde of the intellectual movement beyond the mundane physics of Einstein. Quantum mechanics remains incompetent to issues of momentum which, although fully understood by Einstein, were not validated until the development of space flight.

At the backbone of quantum theory's mathematics, is the concept of 'negative quantities'. It is ludicrous to refer to a negative quantity. (The empty glass contains negative five ounces of water. An empty table with negative five glasses, each containing negative five ounces of water does not equal positive 25 ounces of water. (-5.0) x (-5.0) = +25.0). While it is natural to work with negative numbers in algebra, (the process of subtraction infers a negative number), this does not prove the existence of negative quantities.

In the theory of relativity, the relationship between the energy and the component momenta when simplified leaves the energy as (E squared). This simplification is arbitrary as E= square root of relation, or E=relation x reciprocal of E.
.... X²= 25....... X= 25/X....... (-X)= 25/(-X).......(-X)= 25/(-5).....(-X)= (-5)...If (-X)= (-5) then, X=5.
The last simplification shows that (+E) and (-E) are not equal. Only the factor (+E) produces a positive product.

Quantum theory however denotes that since the energy quantity is referred to as a square by Einstein, it therefore has two factors, (+E) and (-E). The 'professional mathematicians and scientists' of quantum theory accept this mathematical trickery as the basis for their theoretical analysis, (particle theory), which hinge completely upon the validity of their mathematical formulations. This profound scientific insight leads these physicists to the assumptions of the "parallel universe" and the hope of harnessing the power of "anti-matter".

The irony of quantum theory is that the theorem of the constants which Planck and Einstein developed, in actuality prohibits quantum conditions. The term 'quanta' was merely coined by Einstein as a term more proper than 'quantity' when referring to a measure of light energy. Planck's constant is a rate of energy transfer in ergs per second. For the electron oscillator this means the minimum threshold and maximum output of transfer, therefore a constant. Planck's constant only appears to be an integral when the differential equation of an energy system is simplified to standing waves by reduction of the variable of time. The actual constant can have any value of time. Einstein in continuing Planck's theory recognized that a constant rate of energy exchange would be reflected by a constant velocity of vibration. The velocity of light is reflection of this value. The oscillator's mass, a constant proportion to the constants of energy and vibrational speed. Einstein applied this theorem to the phenomenon of the photo-electric effect. The electrons ejected by the light have mass and inertial energy which can be measured and valued to the work energy of the light quanta. The theorem of constants is validated by this application.

Quantum theory establishes quantum conditions because of its inability to define the mechanical system. This inability is not proof that the mechanical situation is mere manifestations of magic values of quantum, as this field of theory states. Above the constants of rate of energy transfer and vibrational speed there are no quantum conditions which are validly stipulated and these are not integral values but single values. The other constants that appear in analyses of energy systems initially stem from these constants. That Planck or Einstein never pointed out the absurdity of quantum theory is probably due to the political conditions of their time, in that advancements of science were directly relevant to developments in warfare. Quantum theory is not justified scientifically.

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Particle Theory

There is no tenant, principle, or theory from particle theory that is applicable to this theoretical paper. Particle theory is an extensive collection of falsely interpreted experimental data. It should adhere to the rigors that all other science does. Particle theory was born with Enrique Fermi's invention of the massless particle of the neutrino, because calculations showed the strong nuclear force was not great enough to keep the nucleus together against the repulsion of the electric fields. On the bonding of this particle, the elaborate conjecture which is quantum theory is based.

In the extremely expensive collider experiments, the particles that are studied are created at the moment of the collision due to the high energy imparted. Application of much creativity is used to make up elaborate accounts of how these particles are composed into a nucleus in which principles and terms from physics are continually perverted and twisted. That any fiscal group would consider maintaining funding for such elaborate and expensive crap is a joke. The faint reactions in the grains of the photographic emulsion, from particles that decay within minute fractions of a milli-second, lend no pertinent data to nuclear structure. At the nuclear level which these theorist postulate, science cannot fundamentally establish facts. Particle theory uses this so nobody can disprove their elaborate concoctions. The scientists of this field should very nearly be held for larceny.

The following quote is a description of the formal scientific justification for the initial development of the complex world of particles that supposedly are within the nucleus and the 'forces' that are 'communicated' between particles. ..
...."However, because of the uncertainty relation between energy and time we may consider a reaction such as this, which violates the principle of conservation of mass-energy, provided that the length of time during which we consider the reaction to be taking place is less than the time (delta t) given by the uncertainty principle. ...Until the uncertainty principle was discovered no reaction of this sort would ever have been considered.... "

This is describing quantum theory's estimation of how the strong nuclear force works in the disordered relative motion nucleus. It's describing specifically the reaction between the proton and its messenger particle, the pion. The proton as it is swirling around, sends this particle out to 'communicate' the force of attraction to neutrons and other protons.

Working their way through such brilliant discoveries in the ever increasing complexity of piecing together the puzzle that nature presents to them, these representatives from science have spent probably far in excess of 20 billion dollars in the United States alone.
 
 
 

Kent Deatherage
1996-2003