About Pastels
Pastel is the ultimate in direct
painting. "It's a natural extension of my fingertips"' says New York
artist Harvey Dinnerstein. Many artists are drawn to it because it possesses
the characteristics of two mediums in one. Sketchy or paint pastel can
produce fine lines or broad areas of color. It is direct, immediate,
and spontaneous.
Leonardo da Vinci was among the
first to use "the dry coloring method," called the pastel technique
he learned in 1499 from a painter who accompanied the king of France
on a visit to Milan, Italy.
It fell to the Venetian Rosalba
Carriera (1675-1757) to bring pastel to artistic and social prominence.
By 1720 she was so famous and successful a pastelist that in a triumphal
visit to France she painted the young King Louis XV and was elected
to the French Academy. Throughout her long life her pastel portraits
were much sought after, and her sitters included princes, kings, and
emperors.
Although Carriera spent less than
a year in France, she established a tradition of pastel portraiture
that was to continue into the next century. Among the artist influenced
was Maurice-Quentin de La Tour, who painted magnificent portraits of
the aristocracy in their sumptuous clothing, surrounded by their equally
sumptuous furnishings. De La Tour painted exclusively in pastel -- at
least no oils by him have ever been found -- but his portraits, sometimes
monumental compositions on sheet paper pasted together, have the appearance
of oil paintings. It was his contemporary Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin
who developed the revolutionary techniques we now associate with pastel
painting: layers of superimposed colors and broad hatching
Unfortunately, by the beginning
of the nineteenth century, pastel had once fallen into the minor medium
category, used mostly for preparatory sketches and studies. The Impressionists,
most of who at times worked in the medium, brought back into popularity.
Degas, in particular, recognized its potential and experimented extensively
with it. In the United States, James McNeill Whistler greatly influenced
the pastel renaissance.
The twentieth century has seen
a wide range of artists pick up pastels, include George Bellows, Pablo
Picasso, Marsden Hartley, Georgia O'Keefe, Joan Miro, Willem de Kooning,
and even Jackson Pollock.
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