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Candida albicans is
a diploid fungus (a form of yeast), which mutates rapidly into B, C and D strains, and is a causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. Candida abicans genotype B (b. albicans) isolates have been shown to transpose intron 25S rDNA in humans. Systemic fungal infections (fungemias) have emerged as important causes of morbidityand mortality in immunocompromised patients (e.g., AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ orbone marrow transplantation). In addition, hospital-related infections in patients not previously considered at risk (e.g. patients in
an intensive care unit) have become a cause of major health concern. C. albicans is
among the gut flora, the many organisms which live in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Under normal circumstances, C. albicans lives in 80%
of the human population with no harmful effects, although overgrowth results in candidiasis. Candidiasis is often observed in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-positive patients. Candidiasis also may occur in the blood and in the genital tract. Candidiasis, also known as "thrush", is a common condition which is usually easily cured in people who
are not immunocompromised. To infect host tissue, the usual unicellular yeast-like form of Candida albicans reacts to environmental cues and
switches into an invasive, multicellular filamentous forms. 
Escherichia coli (commonly E.
coli; pronounced /ˌɛʃɪˈrɪkiə ˈkoʊlaɪ/, /iː ~/), is a bacteriumthat is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded animals. Most E. colistrains are harmless, but some, such as serotype O157:H7, can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally responsible for costly product recalls.[1][2] The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2,[3] or by preventing the establishment of pathogenic bacteria within the intestine.[4][5] E.
coli are not always confined to the intestine, and their ability to survive for brief periods outside the body makes them
an ideal indicator organism to test environmental samples for fecal contamination.[6][7] | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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Pseudomonas
aeruginosa is a an opportunistic human pathogen, P. aeruginosa is also an opportunistic pathogen of plants. P. aeruginosa is capable of growth in diesel and jet fuel, where it is known as a hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganism (or "HUM bug"), causing microbial corrosion. It creates dark gellish mats sometimes improperly called "algae" because of their appearance. Although classified as an aerobic organism, P. aeruginosa is considered by many as afacultative anaerobe as it is well adapted to proliferate in conditions of partial or total oxygen depletion. This organism can achieve anaerobic growth with nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, and in its absence it is also able to ferment arginine by substrate-level phosphorylation. Adaptation to microaerobic or anaerobic environments is essential for certain lifestyles of P. aeruginosa, like during
lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients where thick layers of alginate surrounding bacterial mucoid cells can limit the diffusion of oxygen.
Staphylococcus aureus (pronounced /ˌstæfɨləˈkɒkəs ˈɔriəs/, literally "Golden Cluster Seed" and also known as golden staph) is the most common cause of staph infections. It is a spherical bacterium, frequently living on the skin or in the nose of a person. Approximately 20–30% of the general population are "staph
carriers".[1]Staphylococcus aureus can cause a range of illnesses from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo (may also be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes), boils,cellulitis folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis endocarditis,Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), and septicemia. Its incidence is from skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, endovascular to wound infections. It is still one of
the four most common causes of nosocomial infections, often causing postsurgical wound infections. | Staphylococcus aureus |
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