The universe is made up of two things; matter and energy. These are not different forms of the same thing as Einstein's formula proposes but two separate entities. Matter gives the universe substance while energy gives it structure. The way the two interact make up everything from the atom to the galaxies.

Energy radiates from higher concentrations to lower concentrations until it equalizes. Any object will absorb or radiate energy until it equalizes with the energy field surrounding it. Newton's theory that a body in motion will continue in motion until another force acts on it should say that the energy of an object will remain constant until it transfers or absorbs energy from something else. This would mean that there is no force of gravity pulling the planets towards the sun. The sun radiates energy which decreases in strength as the distance from the sun increases. An object at a distance from the sun will equalize energy (v^2) with the surrounding field and remain at that energy level unless it can absorb or transfer energy to something else. A planet or satellite would remain in an orbit where its energy level were equalized with the surrounding energy field and not move in a straight line. In order for a force of gravity to keep an object in orbit it must continuously move the planet out of its normal straight path towards the sun. This would represent work where there is a continuous expenditure of energy instead of an equilibrium where there is no change in energy. This is why when you add energy to a satellite it then radiates energy moving into a weaker energy field and ending of with a lower velocity and energy.

The interaction of energy and matter to build units is fundamental to understanding how the universe is organized and to do this it is necessary to look at the fundamental building block the atom. An atom consists of protons, electrons and energy. Energy is attracted towards positive matter or a proton and repelled by negative matter or the electron. It is this dynamic where energy is attracted to the nucleus of the atom and repels the electrons which are electrically attracted to the nucleus which sets up the structure of the atom. The energy does not radiate in all directions from the nucleus of the atom but is directed by the repelling force of the electrons to flow perpendicular to the orbiting electrons. This flow of energy is the magnetic field which is the organizer and unitizes the atom. The orbits of the electrons in an atom are not in p or d shells but all in the same plane like the Bohr atom. The p and d orbits were determined by assuming that atoms did not exist in magnetic fields which is clearly not true for any atoms we can observe. The electrons are held in their orbits not only by the electrical attraction to the nucleus but also the flow of energy that passes through the nucleus loops around and returns to the nucleus acting as a confinement field holding the electrons in their orbits. The speed of the electron in an orbit is a matter of the energy field in which it exists. The closer the electron to the nucleus the higher its velocity and energy. As the number of protons in an atom's nucleus increases the more energy it attracts and as the number of orbiting electrons increases the greater is the force directing the flow of energy which in turn increases the confinement field holding the nucleus together and keeping the electrons in orbits. It is this flow of energy that gives the atom structure and makes it a unit. A neutron is a hydrogen atom without energy and as such does not radiate energy. It is not really a neutral particle but a molecule with both a positive and negative charge. This allows it to act as a monomer in the nucleus where it spreads the positive charges of a proton over a larger molecule. If there are to many neutrons in a nucleus the charge is spread to thin and the nucleus becomes radioactive losing its structure to the flow of energy while if there are to few neutrons the like charges in the nucleus causes the nucleus to break apart. While in the nucleus the neutrons stable but once outside the confinement of the magnetic field it absorbs energy from the surrounding energy field which eventually splits it into a proton, electron and emits gamma radiation.

The atom radiates energy as a magnetic field and the size of the atom is how far this field extends from the nucleus. This size of an atom is determined by the strength of the energy field in which the atom is since its field will expand until it meets another energy field of equal strength. The field of an atom is restricted by its neighboring atoms and their fields whose proximity is determined by the surrounding energy field. A hydrogen atom in outer space where there is a weak magnetic field would be able to radiated its field further making the atom larger while a hydrogen atom in the sun would be compressed by the high energy field and the consequent close proximity of its neighbors. This allows fusion to occur in the sun which does not produce energy but stores it by creating a larger atom. As an atom grows in size the more energy flows through it increasing the strength of the containment fields holding the nucleus and electrons in position and creating the larger atom as a unit. This increase in magnetic field would cause it to be attracted to other atoms with greater force making it heavier than an atom with less energy.. This is in contrast to the idea of gravity where the effect of the increase in mass at the center of the atom is negated by the increase in size of the atom from additional electrons resulting in atoms becoming lighter as they grew in size. If the attraction between atoms is from the flow of energy or magnetic field the question arises why don't all atoms aligned as strings with the north pole of one atom directly under the south pole of another. The reason is that this would also align the electrical repelling forces of the matter in the atom maximizing the repelling force between the atoms. A more stable configuration would be where a balance is formed between the attractive magnetic force and the repelling electrical forces. Atoms would form crystal structures where the atoms would all have the same north south orientation with their poles being attracted to the atoms above and below while there electrons repel them from these atoms. The different states of matter: gas liquid or solid, depend on the balance between the energy attraction to other units and the repelling forces of the matter in the units. In a solid the attraction force is greater than the repelling force while in a gas the repelling force is greater . In a liquid the two forces would be equal. In a liquid or gas the individual atoms are able to move within the structure as their energy changes. This crystalline structure would be how light and other electromagnetic waves are transmitted. A disturbance of one atom would be transmitted to the atoms in the layers around it either by the attractive magnetic force or the repelling electric force.

This crystal structure of gases would explain the results of the dual thin slit experiment with electrons. An moving electron would cause a disturbance in the crystal which would be transmitted to the adjacent layers. The speed of the disturbance would be matter of how close the layers were or how strong the energy or magnetic field was. The stronger the field the faster the wave would travel. ( Light appears to travel slower in glass or water because it refracts on entering a different structure which makes the distance it travels greater.) The speed of the wave would be different from the speed of the electron which means the electron will continue to create waves as it travels creating new waves resulting in an interference pattern. When the electron is detected its path is changed or its motion altered so the interference pattern ceases as no new waves are created. The electron does not know when someone is watching. This is also the reason light bends around a star. It is not from gravity pulling on a photon of zero mass but from the wave passing into a stronger magnetic field causing it to bend. This also explains the red shift where the waves travel into weaker fields where the atoms are further apart increasing the wave length.

There is no reason to create a photon to explain the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect is a result the field or magnetic connection between the gallium crystal and the surrounding gas. The gallium crystal has an electron exposed that can be knocked free by the oscillation of the atoms in the surrounding gas thereby creating the photoelectric effect. If the crystal structure of the solid or the oscillation (wavelength) of the gas is not right there will be no electricity produced. The aether that light travels in is the crystal structure of atoms created by the energy field of the unit they occupy. Light traveling through space would enter a different crystal structure when it entered the earth's magnetic field which would change its speed and direction. If it then entered water or glass with a stronger field it would again change speed and direction. The reason the Michelson-Morley experiment did not find an interference pattern whether done in a lab or on a mountain was because both light beams were always within the earth's magnetic field In order to see the passage of the earth through the aether the experiment must be carried out at the edge of the earth's magnetic field where there is an interface between the two crystal structures. The Michelson-Morley experiment does not prove the speed of light constant it demonstrates that the old concept of aether was wrong. The speed of light is not constant but varies according to the strength of the magnetic field in which it travels. The stronger the field the faster the electromagnetic wave travels. There is no need to create tunneling photons to explain how waves travel faster in certain structures.

The formation of molecules from atoms is where their energy flows combine to form a larger unit. Consider atoms in a gas or liquid crystal structure. The atoms would both be oriented the same with their north pole attracted to the south pole of the atoms in the upper layer and their south poles being attracted to the north poles of the atoms in the lower layer. The electrical repulsion of the orbiting electrons would stabilize them in this position. If some additional energy were to cause one of the atoms were to flip the poles of this atom would then be attracted to the neighboring atoms of the same layer instead of the atoms in upper and lower layers which would have a repelling force on the atom. This repelling force would flip the atom back to its original orientation except for the repelling force of the orbiting electrons which would resist the atom flipping back to its original orientation . If the electron configuration was right between two atoms of the same layer the orbiting outer electrons could mesh like gears allowing the two atoms to come closer together and resulting in the magnetic attraction between the two atoms being stronger than their attraction to the atoms in the other layers. This would create a stable molecule with its own magnetic field that would then orient to the crystal structure of the surrounding energy field. The two atoms would become a unit which in turn can combine with other units to form larger structures with their own organizing energy fields. This is why helium forms a diatomic molecule even though its electron shell is full and it should be inert. Helium is not an inert element but because of its size and electron configuration forms only extremely stable molecules with itself and hydrogen. giving the appearance of being inert. ( There are probably a lot of helium dihydrogen molecules created by the sun which are indistinguishable from diatomic helium.)

This is how the universe works. Energy takes matter and forms units whose energy combine to form larger units which then repeat the process. Each of these units equalizes energy within the larger unit of which it is a component. The energy flow or magnetic field defines a unit and the component units only have position, and velocity relative to the center of the energy field of the larger unit they make up. Electrons and protons form atoms in a high energy field but the position and velocity of the electron is only relative to the nucleus of the atom of which it is a part. These atoms then combine to form molecules with a smaller energy field and so on with the units getting larger and the energy becoming weaker. The earth and moon form a unit in the solar system. The position and velocity of the moon is only relative to the earth not to the sun while the earth-moon unit has velocity and position relative to the sun. Our solar system is a unit defined by its energy or magnetic field which combines with other solar systems to form our galaxy which in turn combine to form the universe.