| 10.1 Types of Defense (4h) |
- Describe the process of clotting.
- Limit this to the release of
clotting factors from platelets and damaged cells
resulting in the formation of thrombin. Thrombin
catalyses the conversion of soluble fibrinogen
into the fibrous protein fibrin which captures
red blood cells.
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- Outline the principle of challenge and response,
clonal selection and memory cells as the basis of
immunity.
- This is intended to be a simple
interoduction to the complex topic of immunity.
The idea of a polyclonal response can be
introduced here.
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- Define active immunity, passive immunity,
natural immunity and artificial
immunity.
- Active immunity -- immunity due to
the production of antibodies by the organism
itself after the body's defense mechanisms have
been stimualted by invasion of foreign
micro-organisms.
- Passive immunity -- immunity due
to the acquisition of antibodies from another
organism in which active immunity has been
stimulated, including via the placenta or in
colostrum.
- Natural immunity -- immunity due
to infection.
- Artificial immunity -- immunity
due to inoculation with vaccine.
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- Explain antibody production.
- Limit the explanation to antigen
presentation by macrophages and activation of
helper T-cells leading to activation of B-cells,
which divide to form clones of anitbody secreting
plasma cells and memory cells.
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| State that cytotoxic T-cells destroy
cancer cells and body cells infected with viruses. |
- Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies;
one use of them in diagnosis and one use in
treatment.
- Production should be limited to
the fusion of tumour and B-cells and their
subsequent proliferation and production of
antibodies. Detection of antibodies to HIV is one
example in diagnosis. Others are detection of a
specific cardiac isoenzyme in suspected cases of
heart attack and detection of HCG in pregnancy
test kits. Examples of the use of these
antibodies for treatment include targeting of
cancer cells with drugs attached to monoclonal
antibodies, emergency treatment of rabies or
cancer, blood and tissue typing for transplant
compatibility and purification of industrially
made interferon.
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- Outline the principle of vaccination.
- Emphasize the role of memory cells
here. The primary and secondary responses can be
clearly illustrated by a graph. Precise details
of all the types of vaccine (attenuated virus,
inactivated toxins, etc) for specific diseases
are not required.
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| Discuss the benefits and dangers of
vacciation against bacterial and viral infection,
including the MMR vacine (combined measles/mumps/rubella)
and two other examples. |