| A.S. |
Obj. |
1.1 Cell Theory (3h) |
| 1.1.1 |
3 |
- Discuss the theory that living organisms are
composed of cells.
- Skeletal muscle and some fungal
hyphae are not divided into cells but have a
multinucleate cytoplasm. Some biologists consider
unicellular organisms to be acellular.
|
| 1.1.2 |
1 |
State that a virus is a non-cellular structure
consisting of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. |
| 1.1.3 |
1 |
State that all cells are formed from other cells. |
| 1.1.4 |
3 |
- Explain three advantages of using light
microscopes.
- Advantages include colour images
instead of monochrome, a larger field of view,
easily prepared sample material, the possibility
of examining living material and observing
movement.
|
| 1.1.5 |
2 |
- Outline the advantages of using electron
microscopes.
- In comparing electron and light
microscopes, the terms 'resolution' and
'magnification' should be explained. Scanning and
transmission electron microscopes should be
mentioned briefly, but the principles of how they
work need not be discussed.
|
| 1.1.6 |
1 |
- Define organelle.
- An organelle is a discrete
structure within a cell, and has a specific
function.
|
| 1.1.7 |
2 |
- Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell
membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles
and cells, using appropriate SI units.
- Appreciation of relative size is
required, such as molecules (1nm), thickness of
membranes (10nm), viruses (100nm), bacteria
(1µm), organelles (up to 10µm), cells (up to
100µm). The three dimensional nature/shape of
cells should be emphasized.
|
| 1.1.8 |
2 |
- Calculate the linear magnification of drawings.
- Drawings should show cells and
cell ultrastructure with scale bars (e.g. |-------|
1µm). Magnification could also be stated, e.g.
x250.
|
| 1.1.9 |
3 |
- Explain the importance of the surface area to
volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size.
- Mention the concept that the rate
of metabolism of a cell is a function of its
mass/volume; whereas the rate of exchange of
materials and energy (heat) is a function of its
surface area. Simple mathematical models
involving cubes and the changes in the ratio that
occur as the sides increase by one unit could be
compared.
|
| 1.1.10 |
1 |
State that unicellular organisms carry out all the
functions of life. |
| 1.1.11 |
3 |
Explain that cells in multicellular organisms
differentiate to carry out specialized functions by
expressing some of the genes but not others. |
| 1.1.12 |
1 |
Define tissue, organ and organ
system. |
| |
|
1.2 Prokaryotic cells (1h) |
| 1.2.1 |
1 |
- Draw a generalized prokaryotic cell as seen in
electron micrographs.
- Use images of bacteria as seen in
electron micrographs to show the structure. The
diagram should show the cell wall, plasma
membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes and
nucleoid (region containing naked DNA).
|
| 1.2.2 |
1 |
State one function for each of the following: cell
wall, plasma membrane, mesosome, cytoplasm, ribosomes,
and naked DNA. |
| 1.2.3 |
1 |
State that prokaryotes show a wide range of metabolic
activity including fermentation, photosynthesis and
nitrogen fixation. |
| |
|
1.3 Eukaryotic cells (3h) |
| 1.3.1 |
1 |
- Draw a diagram to show the ultrastructure of a
generalized animal cell as seen in electron
micrographs.
- The diagram to show ribosomes,
rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), lysosome,
Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion and nucleus.
|
| 1.3.2 |
1 |
- State one function of each of these organelles:
ribsomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER),
lysosome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, and
nucleus.
- Golgi apparatus will be used in
place of Golgi body, complex or dictyosome.
|
| 1.3.3 |
2 |
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. |
| 1.3.4 |
2 |
Describe three differences between plant and animal
cells. |
| 1.3.5 |
1 |
- State the composition and function of the plant
cell wall.
- The composition of the plant cell
wall should be considered only in terms of
cellulose microfibrils.
|
| |
|
1.4 Membranes (3h) |
| 1.4.1 |
1 |
- Draw a diagram showing the fluid mosaic model of
a biological membrane.
- The diagram should show the
phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, glycoproteins
and integral and peripheral proteins. Use the
term plasma membrane not cell surface membrane
for the membrane surrounding the cytoplasm.
- Integral proteins are embedded in
the phospholipid of the membrane whereas
peripheral proteins are attached to its surface.
Variations in composition related to the type of
membrane, and the functions of cholesterol and
glycoproteins, are not required.
|
| 1.4.2 |
3 |
Explain how the hydrophobic and hydrophilic
properties of phospholipids help to maintain the
structure of cell membranes. |
| 1.4.3 |
1 |
List the functions of membrane proteins including
hormone binding sites, enzymes, electron carriers,
channels for passive transport and pumps for active
transport. |
| 1.4.4 |
1 |
- Define diffusion and osmosis.
- Osmosis is the passive movement of
water molecules, across a partially permeable
membrane, from a region of lower solute
concentration to a region of higher solute
concentration.
|
| 1.4.5 |
3 |
Explain passive transport across membranes in terms
of diffusion. |
| 1.4.6 |
3 |
Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active
transport across membranes. |
| 1.4.7 |
3 |
Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials
within a cell between the rough endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane. |
| 1.4.8 |
2 |
Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it
to change shape, breaks and reform during endocytosis and
exocytosis. |
| |
|
1.5 Cell division (2h) |
| 1.5.1 |
1 |
State that the cell-division cycle involves
interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. |
| 1.5.2 |
1 |
State that interphase is an active period in the life
of a cell when many biochemical reactions occur, as well
as DNA transcription and DNA replication. |
| 1.5.3 |
2 |
- Describe the events that occur in the four phases
of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase).
- Include supercoiling of
chromosomes, attachment of spindle microtubules,
splitting of centromeres, movement of sister
chromosomes to opposite poles and breakage and
reformation of nuclear membranes.
- Textbooks vary in the use of
chromosome and chromatid. In this course, the two
DNA molecules formed by DNA replication are
considered to be sister chromatids until the
splitting of the centromere at the start of
anaphase; after this they are individual
chromosomes. The terms centrosome and kinetochore
are not expected.
|
| 1.5.4 |
3 |
Explain how mitosis produces two genetically
identical nuclei. |
| 1.5.5 |
2 |
- Outline the differences in mitosis and
cytokinesis between animal and plant cells.
- Limit this to the lack of
centrioles in plant cells and the formation of
the cell plate.
|
| 1.5.6 |
1 |
State that growth, tissue repair and asexual
reproduction involve mitosis. |
| 1.5.7 |
1 |
State that tumours (cancers) are the result of
uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in
any organ. |