Major Concepts to review for A.P. Exam

You should be able to illustrate a covalent and ionic bond using Lewis dot structures.

Know the important properties of Carbon

• 4 relatively strong covalent bonds
• Tetrahedral Shape
• Variety of bond types single, double, rings
• Carbon can bond to itself forming large chains
• Carbon may bond to S, N, P, and O in variety of ways

Properties of Water (Polar Molecule because of electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen)

• High Surface Tension
• Heat of vaporization high
• Hydrogen bonds strong, 4 of them
• Excellent solvent of things, ionic or polar
• Specific heat is high
• Ice floats

Know the following Functional Groups

Acid, base, and buffers; importance in biological systems.

• My Lecture Notes on Basic Chemistry
• My Lecture Notes on Water
• My Lecture Notes on Carbon Chemistry
• On-Line Biology Book Chemistry I
• On-Line Biology Book Water and Organic Molecules
• Foundations of Organic Chemistry
• Biology Project Chemistry Tutorial
• Biology Project - Acids and Bases Problem Set

---