There is no data for this chapter.

XI – The Alum —  According to the Author's Note in the Storisende Edition of Figures of Earth, this was Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia. Here, too, it would seem from a certain passage in Straws and Prayerbooks, was written, at the same time, a portion of Mr. Sinclair Lewis' Main Street.

[XXI] – Kerin** —  Layamon's Brut mentions a noble of this name who was present at King Arthur's coronation. Kerin is one of the cheif characters of The Silver Stallion, and is a member of the Fellowship. Besides being noted for his fighting ability, he was also a great scholar.

[XXI] – Ninzian** —  Ninzian was the mildest and gentlest of all the champions of The Silver Stallion, though we might expect otherwise as he was the demon Surkrag in disguise. Surkrag was originally a giant, the son of Cain, and a commander over many wicked Jins. However, he obeyed God and would not permit his followers to harm the descendants of Adam. In The Silver Stallion Mr. Cabell gives an interesting reason for Surkrag's kindness to humanity.

XII – Lewistam —  The name of John Frederick Lewistam is not to be found in the index of the Library of Congress and is likewise missing from the encyclopedias. Mr. Cabell, however, refers to him frequently as an authority upon Poictesme, and apparently possesses a unique collection of his works.

XIII – "Hannibal Invaded," etc. —  The quotation is from the Foreward to Main Street. The passage runs: "Main Street is the climax of civilization. That this Ford car might stand in front of the Bon Ton Store, Hannibal invaded Rom and Erasmus wrote in Oxford Cloisters."

XIII – Frederick Barbarossa —  Frederick I (1123-1190) Roman Emperor, surnamed Barbarossa by the Italians, was the son of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Duke of Swabia. The fact that he was a great hunter probably caused his confusion with Barbatos.

XIII – Barbatos —  One of the most powerful demons, who shows himself in the guise of a hunter or archer. He commands thirty legions of demons, though he once held a higher place. He knows both the past and the future.

XIII – Elijah —  Elijah the Tishbite was probably the foremost prophet among the Hebrews, and is one of the two men mention in the Bible who did not die. He was taken up to Heaven in a chariot of fire and a whirlwind. In Slavonic folk-lore, during the transition fromg paganism to Christianity, the Slavs attached the ideas and legends which had gathered around the god Perum to the Prophet Elijah. The reason for this may have been the fact that Perum was a harvest god and that the day consecrated by the church to Elijah was July 20, which is also the beginning of the harvest season.

XIII – Vayu —  The Vedic god of wind or air. He was a fierce god whose chariot was drawn by few or many horses, depending on the strength of the wind. He was sometimes compared with the Teutonic Wodin-Odinn.

XIII – Perun —  Perun was thunder god of the Slavs. He was sometimes, however, considered a god of the harvest. He swayed the elements, and drove across the heavens in a flaming car, launching shafts of lightning at his demon foes. Under Christianity, Perun became confused with the Prophet Elijah.

XIII – Manu-Elul — 

XIII – Vanderhoffen —  For the history of Dr. Paul Vanderhoffen it is necessary to read the tale called "A Princess of Grub Street," which is the ninth story in Mr. Cabell's That Certain Hour. According to The Lineage of Lichfield he was born in Augest 1780; changed his name, in 1803, from Hilary Rudolph of Faxe-Kasselberg to Paul Vanderhoffen, thereby abandoning his right to the throne; and died in January 1848.

XIII – Rudra —  This Hindu god is variously called "the Howler," "the Ruddy One," and "the board of the sky." He is pictured as red colored, the sign of a thunder god, blue necked and wearing a garment of skin. Concerning him there are many legends.

XIII – Magarko —  This is a Russian demon whose eye is so powerful that he must always be winking in order not to destroy whatever he is looking at. His name means "the Winker."

XIII – Vii —  The Servian Vii, or Vy, is a monster whose glance is so powerful that it reduces men, and even cities to ashes whenever it looks upon them.

XIV – Nephthys —  "Lady of the House" (of Horus). She was the daughter of Seb and Nut, sister of Osiris, Isis and Set, and also the wife of the latter and the mother of Anubis. She was looked upon as a protector of the dead. Mr. Cabell's quotation of Dr. Budge, concerning her, was taken directly from A Dictionary of Non-Classical Mythology by Edwardes and Spence.

XIV – Dr. Budge —  Dr. E. A. Wallis Budge is a very famous English archaeologist, Assyrian scholar, and writer on the mythology of all races. He has carried out extensive excavations in Egypt, the Isle of Meroe, Semna, and the Sudan. He was born July 27, 1857, and took his degree at Christ College, Cambridge.

XIV – Nerthus —  The "Subterranean" or "Mother Earth," a goddess whom we are told by Tacitus was worshipped by several German Tribes. She corresponds with the Norse god Njordhr.

XIV – Charles Garnier —  Charles Jean Pierre Garnier is another of those scholars whose works seem to be known only to Mr. Cabell. He is not to be confused with Charles George Thomas Garnier, a French student of fairy lore.

XV – Codman —  The works of E. Noel Codman, thought frequently cited by our author, apear not to be listed in the catalogues of our larger libraries. Perhaps they can be found only in Mr. Cabell's unique collection of authorities upon Poictesme.

XV –  Achilles  —  The hero of the Iliad. His story is so well known it appears unnecessary to give it here.

XV –  Ulysses  —  One of the major Greek heroes of the Trojan war. His most celebrated exploits, however, did not take place until after the struggle, but occurred during his wanderings which are described in detail in Homer's Odyssey.

How Manuel Left the Mire

3 – Poictesme —  This is an imaginary land invented by Mr. Cabell to save him the trouble of making his plots coincide with the geography of places better known. "A Note upon Poictesme," serving as a foreword to the illustrated edition of The Silver Stallion, deals at some length with the land's origin; and the same book contains a copy of the map of Poictesme by Frank C. Papé. There exists another map, drawn by Mr. Cabell. "It was," Mr. Cabell confesses, "in the final months of 1905 that Poictesme was born — of an illcit union between Poictiers and Angoulesme." M. Régis Michaud, in The American Novel To-day, devotes some space to the "raw material" out of which this fairyland was made. He writes: "The land of Poictesme ... is none the less presented to us as a real country somewhere in Southern France. Its half fictitious, half real boundaries are: on the north, England of Arthurian times, on the south, the vague Asia Minor of Guy de Lusignan and Melissinda, princess of Tripoli. The novelist has been kind enough to design for the ignorant a map of Dom Manuel's domains. According to the map, the land of Poictesme stretches along the Mediterranean, between Aigues-Mortes and Cette. Its physical frontiers are: to the west, the city of Nîmes, and to the east, the twon of Castres in Languedoc. Poictesme includes under fictitious names the foot-hills of Cévennes, where we may recognize the haunts and "high places" of Florian de Pusange.

3 – Manuel —  Of Manuel, since Figures of Earth is his life story, it is necessary only to point out that he is the progenitor of all the heroes — save Jurgen and those of the Fellowship of the Silver Stallion — of Mr. Cabell's books; and that it is his life, repeated again and again in the lives of his descendants, which forms the subject matter of the Biography. However, it may be wise to add a quotation from The Lineage of Lichfield, where Mr. Cabell says, "Manuel ... I planned to be the type which find its sole, if incomplete, been at some trouble to refrain from ascribing to Dom Manuel any thoughts whatever." For a discussion of Manuel in his rôle of redeemer, see Appendix A.

3 – Rathgor —  A town in Dublin County, Ireland.

3 – Lower Targamon —  Of this place we know only that is is mentioned in The Silver Stallion as the realm of Prince Balien.

3 – Haranton —  In the enchanted forest of Broceliande in Brittany is the fountain of Baranton, where, if legend be true, the wizard Merlin still sleeps. Could this fountain of Baranton be the source of Mr. Cabell's "pool of Haranton"?

5 – Geas —  A word from Irish folk-lore defined as meaning a metamorphosis, enchantment, engagement, or charge. It appears to be used here in its two latter meanings. It occurs frequently in the Irish tales and is similar in effect to the better known Polynesian "taboo"; but where the taboo is generally negative, a geas is positive. The taboo forbids; the geas commands that, under certain circumstances, a certain thing must be done.

5 – Ath Cliath —  Bally-Ath-Cliath-Duibhlinne, which is translated "The Town of the Ford of Hurdles on the Blackwater," is an old name for Dublin.

5 – Firbolg —  According to the legendary history of Ireland, the Firbolgs were the third group of invaders to occupy the island. They were defeated and driven out by the Tuatha De Danann or fairy peple. According to another authority they were one of the three Nemedian families and personified dullness and stupidity. The word is spelled Virbolg in the Storisende edition. Is this an alternative spelling or simply a misprint?

6 – Lock of hair —  The prominence which this lock of hair assumes in Manuel's story naturally arouse curiosity about its significance. However, it is possible here to offer only a probable solution of the problem. One of the most widespread of primitive beliefs is that if a magician or witch obtains the shorn hair of a person, her may, by sympathetic magic, use that hair to injure its former owner. And in modern Europe, hair seems to serve as a love charm. There is a German superstition to the effect that a girl can make her lover call more frequently by tearing out one of his hairs without his knowledge; while in Ireland it is thought that if a hair so obtained is run through the fleshy part of a dead man's leg, the person from whom it is takeit would seem that so long as Suskind can keep Manuel's hair she can be sure of his love for her and of her power over him. This would also help to explain Manuel's effort to regain Melicent's hair in Chapter 38.

6 – Norns —  These are the Norse goddesses who correspond to the three Fates or Moirae of Greek myth. Urd (hr) is goddess of the past; Verdandi, goddess of the present; and Skuld, goddess of the future. They live at the foot of their ash-tree, Yggdrasil; and in their book they write the history and the fate of man, and there is no way to avoid this fate. Mr. Cabell refers to them variously as: Norns, Fates, Gray Three, Gray Weavers, and Daughters of Dvalinn.

6 – Sylan* —  It would seem that the Sylan is an exceptionally long-lived phantom given to indulging in lewd and immoral adventures. Though it lives for centuries, it is mortal and, having no soul, must simply vanish in the end, unless it can, meanwhile, steal a soul from some man. Book Six of The Silver Stallion is the best place to make the Sylan's aquaintance, although he figures prominently in Something About Eve. The word is obviously derived from sylen, for which see page 123 of Figures of Earth. Sylan does not appear in this book prior to the Storisende edition.

7 – Count of Arnaye —  There is in the west of France a place called Arnay-le-Duc which is, no doubt, the origin of Mr. Cabell's Arnaye.

7 – Miramon Lluagor —  In the legend of Dom Manuel, this powerful magician seems to stand in much the same relationship as Merlin stood in the Arthurian legends. Although his championship of Manuel sometimes seems dubious; he is on the whole Manuel's friend and aids him materially. A better picture of Miramon's life and deeds may be obtained from The Silver Stallion, in which he is one of the Fellowship.

7 – Vraidex —  This is the mountain on which Miramon Lluagor had his castle, and from which he sent out his sleeps, nightmares, dreams, and madnesses. The word itself would seem to have been coined from vrai meaning truth and dex meaning ten; or possibly from vrai meaning truth and dix meaning speak. From this we may conclude that the magician's home was either founded upon ten truths or upon the fact that he spoke the truth. The former, however, seems to be more probable, because, according to the treaty by which Manuel held Poictesme under Horvendile, "in Poictesme everything goes by tens forever."

8 – Flamberge —  This sword, made by Galas, was one of the famous brands of Charlemagne. Renaud, the son of Aymon, also had a sword called Flamberge, but this is not the sowrd that figures in the annals of Poictesme.

8 – Gisèle —  More is to be learned of this lady in The Silver Stallion.

9 – Suskind —  This is an anagram for "unkiss'd". It is also German for "sweet child". The former is undoubtedly the real meaning, for on page 336 of Figures of Earth we find Hinzelmann, brother to Suskind, in speaking of her and her land on the other side of the window of Ageus, contrast her with the women on Manuel's side, "where all kissed women turn to stupid figures of warm earth."

10 – Count Manuel —  It would seem that, to understand the expression, "your namesake the famous Count Manuel that is so newly dead in the South yonder," we must go to the end of the book. There, the dead Count Manuel, after having tasted Lethe, beings to live all over again the life related in Figures of Earth. So it would seem that it was Manuel himself of whom the wizard was speaking.

Niafer

12 – Niafer —  The greater part of Niafer's history is to be found in this book. However, in her old age, during the days told of in The Silver Stallion, she exercised a great influence of Poictesme.

13 – Serpent of the East —  See Norka.

14 – Norka —  Norka is a mythological beast of Russian folk-lore, although Mr. Cabell here gives this name to another favorite villain of the folk-tales, the Russian Snake. Norka's own form is not defined in the tales but is left to the imagination; although in his particular story he takes a part which might just as well have been played by a Snake. His name is derived from the Russian for "otter." For a more detailed account of the origins of Manuel's meeting with Norka, see Appendix B.

15 – Serpent of the North —  This Norse monster is Jormungand or the Midgard Serpent, one of Loki's children. Odhin disposed of him by throwing him into the sea, where he has grown so large that he encircles the earth.

16 – Gleipnir —  A rope made by the Mountain Spirits of the footfall of a cat, the breath of a fish, the spittle of birds, the beards of women, the roots of stones, and the nerves of bears. This rope was used by the Scaninavian gods to bind the wolf, Fenris, a child of Loki's. Mr. Cabell, not to be outdone in magic, turns it into a bridle and makes it potent against Jormungand, a brother of Fenris.

17 – Middlegarth —  This is obviously the Midgard of Norse mythology. It is that place between Niflheim and Muspelheim which was destined to become the abode of man.

18 – "Old Man" —  On page 315 this little old man is referred to as the Portune. Portunes were demons who lives upon the earth in the forms of very small old men in the guise of comfortable farmers. They were very skillful and, despire their minute size, could accomplish more work than could human beings. At evening, when their doors and windows were locked, they would take little frogs out of their bosoms, roast them at the coals, and eat them. They delighted in joining parties of travelers at night and leading them astray.

Ascent of Vraidex

19 – Dorothy of the White Arms —  We learn form The Lineage of Lichfield that Manuel's mother was also called Vraswen. For the somewhat peculiar circumstances surrounding Manuel's birth, the curious are referred to Sir Thomas Browne's Vulgar Errors, Book VII, Chapter XVI.

19 – Oriander —  This god's name will be found lacking in the mythological dictionaries. Oriander, we are told in A Bibliography of James Branch Cabell, was the name of the compositor which appeared on the galley proofs of Domnei, and which Mr. Cabell promptly changed into the appellation of a water demon. It seems necessary to point out here that Manuel's mother was a virgin, and his father a god.

19 – Mimir —  In Scandinavian myth, a giant who was the uncle of Odhin. He guarded the well of wisdom at the foot of the world-tree, Yggdrasil, and by daily drinking of its waters became the wisest of beings. When Mimir was beheaded by the Vanir, Odhin took his head and, by means of spells, gave it the power of speech. It became the god's oracle, and from it he learned the most hidden truths. The fact that Mimir became a trunkless head allows Mr. Cabell to confuse him later with the head of Misery.

19 – Æsir —  This is the generic name given to the Norse gods. The number is uncertain, but is generally stated at twelve. Hence "Æsir's inverted bowl" would be the sky or heaven as it appears to us.

21 – Serpent of the West —  See Maskanako.

21 – Hesperides —  The Garden of the Hesperides was one of the names given to the Western Paradise, a land beyond the setting sun, which Columbus identified with America.

21 – Maskanako —  According to the flood legend translated from the picture writing of the Algonquins, the mighty serpent Maskanako came upon earth to stir up strife among the living creatures. After it had caused all living things to war against each other, it brought about a great flood which spread over all the mountains. The daughter of a spirit helped a few men and creatures into a boat, and all these cried out together, "Come help, Manabozho!" This Manabozho was the creator of all men and creatures. He was born a creeper and could move and live only on the back of the great turtle, Tulapin, a sort of floating island. The grandfather of all living creatures finally heard the cries of his descendants and, bcoming frightened, ordered the turtle to restore order to the universe. This Tulapin did, and the evil serpent, Makanako, fled.

21 – Tulapin —  A great turtle in Algonquin myth. See Maskanako.

22 – Serpent of the South — ?

In the Doubtful Palace

24 –  Behemoth  —  According to the legends of the Jews, Behemoth is the greatest of created animals. He requires the produce of a thousand mountains for his food, and all the water that flows through Jordan in a year he an drink at a single gulp. At the end he will fight Leviathan and, the animals killing each other, both will be served to the pious on the Judgment Day. Behemoth is described in the Bible in Job XL, 15-24.

26 – Léshy —  The léshy were originally Russian wood sprites who played malevolent tricks on travellers lost in the forests. In Mr. Cabell's books, however, Léshy is a word used to describe any or all of the supernatural beings who rules over Poictesme. It is, though, never applied to gods who do not rule in this particular land.

26 – Paul and Pollux —  Manuel is here swearing by the well-known Paul of the Bible and the Roman god, Pollux, generally mentioned with his brother, Castor.

29 – Kraken —  A Scandinavian sea-monster resembling an island or a large octopus.

29 –  Hippogriff  —  A fabulous winged animal, its forequarters resembling a griffin, but its barrel and hind parts being those of a horse. It symbolizes love, and was probably invented by the romances of the Middle Ages to give their heroes a means of transportation through the air.

The Eternal Ambuscade

43 –  Charlemagne  —  The great king and hero of the Franks. He lived from 742 to 814. He is celebrated in the Chansons des Gestes, and was the great defender of the Holy Romand Empire, of which he was the head, against the Moors of Spain.

43 –  Hector  —  The chief hero and champion of the Trojans in their war with the Greeks. He was noted for his valor, his strength, and his manliness.

46 – Horvendile —  This name may come from the Hystorie of Hamblet, where a Horvendile is governor of the province of Ditmarse and the father of Hamblet. However, the name is written in Chivalry as Orvendile and in The Eagle's Shadow as Orven Deal. A passage on page 273 of Figures of Earth also connects him with Scandinavian mythology. There Manuel asks, "Is he the Horvendile whose great-toe is the morning star?" This obviously refers to a passage in The Prose Edda, where Thor carried Orvandel on his back in a basket from Jotunheim. Orvandel's toe stuck out of the basket and froze, so Thor broke it off and cast it into the sky, where it became a star. There can be scarcely any doubt that Horvendile is Mr. Cabell himself, entering his own books in masquerade. A careful reading of Book First of The Cream of the Jest and other passages where he appears will make this clear: and Mr. Cabell, writing of his books on page 10 of The Lineage of Lichfield, throws additional light on the subject when he says, "Yet underlying all, of course, is the profounder 'connecting theme' that Horvendile is the erratic demiurge who composes and controls the entire business extempore, without any prompter except his own æsthetic whim. . ." In a very interesting discussion of Horvendile's origin in the Author's Note to the Storisende edition of Gallantry, Mr. Cabell confesses that in that book Vanringham foreshadowed Horvendile and played the author loose in his own book; while Ahasuerus performed a similar function in Domnei.

Economics of Math

50 – Math —  This is Manuel's half-sister Mathiette. There is no reason to suppose that she is in any way connected with the Math of Welsh mythology. She figures very slightly in this book and appears again in The Silver Stallion.

51 – Alianora —  This person, though it appears that her contemporaries called her Alianora, is known to history as Eleanor of Provence. The second daughter of Raymond Bérengre IV of Provence, she married Henry III of England in 1236, became the mother of Edward I in 1236, and in 1287, after Henry's death, entered the church at Ambresbury as a nun. She died in 1291. Though brilliant and learned, as well as beautiful; her ascendancy over her weak husband, her insistence on filling the high offices of the realm with her own kinsmen and countrymen, and her unscrupulous and constant efforts to obtain money, made her one of the most unpopular queens that England ever had. She was, however, charitable, humane, and a patron of the arts. There is no indication that she was ever anything but a faithful and loving wife to King Henry. Though Alianora, in the later chapters of Figures of Earth, turns rather disconcertingly into an historical personage, she is, when we first meet her, purely a fairy-store princess. The legend of the Swan-Maidens, beautiful damsels who turned themselves into swans by donning garments made of swans' feathers, and who were captured when some hero stole their garments while they were bathing, is to be found in the folk-lore of almost every European country. As always, though, Mr. Cabell has improved upon the fairy story. See Appendix C.

51 – Provence —  A county in the southeast of ancient France.

51 – Aparasas —  In Hindu mythology these were beautiful nymph-like beings created by Brahma, and were probably personifications of the mists and clouds. Later they degenerated into more mundane creatures, beautiful maidens who contributed to the sensual joys of Indra's pleasure grounds, playing at dice and seeking contentment in the loves of mortals. The Apsarasas of Figures of Earth seem to have little in common with the Hindu cloud-maidens. See Appendix C.

The Crown of Wisdom

55 – Helmas —  Helmas, King of Albania, married a fay princess, Presina, whom he found singing beside a fountain. After exacting his oath never to visit her during childbirth, she became his wife. She gave brith to three girls at once, Mélusine, Melior, and Plantina. A son of Helmas by his former wife hurried to his father with the joyful news, and the king, oblivious of his promise, rushed to his wife and found her bathing her three children. Pressina exclaimed against his forgetfulness, took her babes in her arms and vanished. When the children were fifteeen she told them of their father's breach of promise, and Mélusine, the youngest, determined on revenge. She, in concert with her sisters, caught King Helmas and chained him in the heart of the mountain called Avalon; or, as the German books tell us, Brunbelois in Northumberland. The mother was so indignant at this that she sentence Mélusine to spend each Saturday in semi-fish form, until she should marry one who would not inquire into what became of her on that day. In this tale Helmas is noted neither for his wisdom nor his stupidity.

55 – Nevet — ?

55 – Albania —  An old name for Scotland. According to the maps of Poictesme, Albania lay to the northwest of that land.

55 – Zhar-Ptitza —  This is the fabulous Russian Fire-Bird, which slumbers by day and by night flies about a world illumined by its glowing feathers. But the bird on the pages of Figures of Earth has borrowed only its name for the Zhar-Ptitza; it is really the Phœnix as described by Pliny. Speaking of this bird, the ancient writer says, "We are told that this bird is of the size of an eagle, and has a brilliant golden plumage around the neck, while the rest of the body is of a purple color; except the tail, which is azure, with long feathers intermingled of a roseate hue; the throat is adorned with a crest, and the head with a tuft of feathers. . . . It lives five hundred and forty years, and when it becomes old it builds a nest of cassia and sprigs of incense, which it fills with perfumes, and then lays its body down upon them to die; from its bones and marrow there springs at first a sort of worm, which in time changes into a little bird; and the first thing that it does is to perform the obsequies of its predecessor, and to carry the next entire to the city of the Sun near Panchaia, and there deposit it upon the altar of that divinity."

56 – Peohtes —  A warlike tribe of Scotland in pre-Arhurian times. They are mentioned in Layamon's Brut.

57 – Brunbelois —  This was originally a mountain in Northumberland, in the heart of which Helmas was imprisoned by Mélusine. However, in The High Place and Domnei, Mr. Cabell fables that Mélusine, by a potent magic, transferred this mountain with all its inhabitants from the land of the Peohtes to the midst of the Forest of Acaire, in Poictesme. When Manuel visited it, it was obviously situated in Albania.

57 – Pressina —  A water fairy. Her history has already been given under Helmas.

58 – Pavanes —  A grave and stately dance in which the dancers were elaborately dressed. It was introduced into England in the sixteenth century.

58 – Branles —  The Branle was a kind of generic dance which was capable of almost infinite variety. In its original form it had steps like the Allemande. It flourished about the middle of the sixteenth century.

58 – Pazzamenos —  This was a corrupt form of Passemeasure or the Italian Passamezzo. It was a slow dance of Italian origin, a variety of the Pavane.

The Halo of Holiness

63 – Ferdinand —  Ferdinand III, El Santo, became King of Castile in 1217, and also King of Leon upon the death of his father in 1231. He was very active against the Moors (known to Seinfeld followers as "the Moops" —DR) and succeeded in driving them out of all Spain except Granada. He took Cordova in 1236. He was very severe in his persecutions of the Albigenses, and to this fact he probably owes his canonization.

63 – All-Hallows —  This is All Saints' Day, November 1.

64 – Marquess de Henestrosa —  This word, sometimes spelling Hinnestrosa, is the name of several old Spanish families. To just which one Mr. Cabellhas reference, it is, of course, impossible to say.

64 – Milcah —  There are two Milcahs mentioned in the Bible. There is, though, no evidence that either had any dealings with an angel.

64 – Oriphiel —  In speaking of the loss of Oriphiel's feather, King Ferdinand refers to the second verse of the six chapter of Genesis, where it says, "The sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair, and they took them wives of all which they chose." The long lost apochryphal Book of Enoch gives a very circumstantial account of this intermarriage between angels and women; but the name of Oriphiel is not mentioned in the list of those who led the fallen angels. The corrupted Slavic version of the Book of Enoch mentions the incident but does not name any of the angels.

66 – Duke Asmund —  There were any number of Northmen with this name, the most important, however, being Asmund Longhair, the father of Grettir in the Saga of Grettir the Strong. The name is too common to trace a closer origin.

67 – Ubeda —  A town in the south of Spain. It was very important under Moorish rule.

71 – Mundus Decipit —  Latin for "The world deceives"

71 – Mundus Vult Decipi —  Latin for "The world wishes to be deceived." The original quotation is ascribed to Petronius and reads, "Mundus vult decipi, ergo decipiatur" or "The world wishes to be deceived, therefore let it be deceived." Mr. Cabell may have first read it in Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, where it is written, "Si mundus vult decipi, decipiatur."

The Feather of Love

72 – Raymond Bérenger —  The family name of the Counts of Provence from 1113 to 1266 was Raymond Bérenger. Raymond Bérenger IV (1209-1245) is quite obviously the one to whom Mr. Cabell refers.

72 – Arles —  The kingdom of Arles was founded in 933 by the union of Provence and Burgundy. Before the twelfth century, however, it was called the kingdom of Burgundy. Arles was also the name, apparently, of the capital and chief city.

83 – Lethe —  A river in the lower world from which the shades drank and thus obtained forgetfulness of the past.

Alianora

87 – Queen Meregrett —  This was Margaret of Provence, the daughter of Raymond Bérenger IV. She became the wife of Louis IX, King of France from 1226 to 1270.

87 – Beatrice —  Raymond Bérenger's wife, Beatrice, was considered a woman of remarkable beauty. Her father, Thomas, and after him her brother, Amadeus, were Counts of Savoy. She became the mother of three queens and the grandmother of two more, and was thus able to exercise considerable influence over the Europe of her time.

90 – Aix —  A town just northeast of Marseilles. It was founded by the Romans in 123 B.C. and became the capital of Provence during the Middle Ages. It will be noted that all the towns here mentioned are in that part of France which, in the Middle Ages, was known as Provence.

90 – Brignoles —  A town northeast of Marseilles. It was the site of the old summer palace of the Counts of Provence.

90 – Grasse —  A town in the French department of the Alpes-Maritimes, twelve and a half miles north of Cannes. It was a city of Provence.

90 – Massilia —  The Latin name for the present city of Marseilles. It was formerly a city of Provence.

90 – Draguignan —  A twon in the department of the Alpes-Maritimes, southwest of Grasse. It was an old city of Provence.

91 – Boson —  This was the name of several of the Counts of Provence in the tenth century. The most important of these was the father of Rouboud, or Rothbold, who, with his son, was able to make headway, where all others had failed, against the Saracens who had invaded Provence about that time.

91 – Rothbold —  A count of Provence about 1000.

92 – Schamir —  According to the stories of the Rabbis, schamir was the instrument used by Solomon to hew the stones of the Temple after he had been forbidden to hew them with iron or any other metal. It was a worm of the size of a barley corn but so powerful that the strongest flint could not resist it. However, Mr. Cabell seems to apply the name of schamir to a stone of similar potency told of in Iceland, which gives its owner almost unlimited powers, including the power of restoring life. See Appendix C.

94 – Freydis —  This name was probably taken from the Heimskringla, where a Freydis is the sister of Leif Ericson, the reputed discoverer of America. This woman, who was haughty and avaricious, continually stirring up strife and not hesitating at murder, in no way resembles Queen Freydis of Audela. Mr. Cabell seems to confuse Freydis with Hecate, giving her many of the attributes of the grim goddess of the crossroads and, on page 116, making her answer an invocation usually addressed to the witch-goddess. It would seem, too, that Freydis is meant to personify artistic inspiration, especially of the literary kind; and that her fire was the fire of genius, and her followers men of letters.

94 – Audela —  This name of the country which Freydis ruled beyond the fire is made by simply running together "au de la," the French for "over there." It was an expression used quite extensively by spiritualists in the early part of the twentiesh century to designate the spirit world. Mr. Cabell, it is safe to guess, uses it with no such meaning.

Magic of the Apsarasas

95 – Torolix, Ciccabau, Tio, Tio, Torolililix —  The charm which Alianora used to call together the birds is evidently taken from Arisophanes' The Birds. It is there used by the Nightingale and the Hoopoe for the same purpose. In line 237 we find "Tio" repeated eight times; in line 243 we find "Trioto, trioto, totolinx"; and in lines 259, 260, and 261 we have

"Toro toro toro torotinx
Kikkabau, Kikkabau
Toro toro toro toro lililinx."

96 – The Eagle's Axions —  This paragraph, dealing with the eagle's efforts to find an appropriate motto, apparently parodies the utterances of Woodrow Wilson during the World War.

98 – Jahveh —  Jahveh is supposed to be the correct form of the word Jehovah and, as such, is the name of the God of the Old Testament. It is used her in that sense, but occasionally Mr. Cabell does not use it so. He sometimes uses Jahveh to designate the God of the modern reactionary Fundamentalists, as opposed to the deity of the more enlightened sects.

99 –  Gabriel  —  In Jewish and Christian tradition Gabriel is one of the seven archangels; and he is believed by the Mohammedans to have dictated the Koran to the Prophet. He is generally pictured as the messenger who will, on the last day, call mankind to judgment with his trumpet.

100 –  Nineveh —  The ancient capital of Assyria on the left bank of the Tigris. It was a great commercial center for more than 200 years. The city fell and was destroyed in B.C. 608.

101 – Solomon —  See Suleiman-ben-Daoud (next).

102 – Suleiman-ben-Daoud —  This is, quite obviously, an English transliteration of the Hebrew characters which are generally translated Solomon, son of David. The reference here is to Solomon's obvious character as displayed in The Song of Solomon.

Ice and Iron

104 – Bishop of Ely —  Bishop Hugh of Ely was one of those sent by the King of England, Henry III, in 1236 to escort Eleanor of Provence (Alianora) to England.

104 – Bishop of Lincoln —  Mr. Cabell here follows Agnes Strickland in her Lives of the Queens of England [in 12 volumes, from 1840 to 1848; here's Vol. 5 on Amazon —DR] in making the Bishop of LIncoln part of Alianora's escort. Matthew Paris gives the title of this ambassador as Bishop of Hereford. See Prior of Hurle (next).

104 – Prior of Hurle —  According to Matthew Paris, Henry III sent Richard, Prior of Hurle secretly to negotiate with Raymond Bérenger IV for the hand of Raymond's daughter, Eleanor (Alianora). He succeeded so well that upon his return to England he was sent back with other messengers, "namely, the Bishops Hugh of Ely and Robert of Hereford, and brother of Robert de Sanford, the master of the Knights Templars," publicly to make his proposal for the lady's hand and to escort her to England.

104 – King of England —  This was Henry III.

104 – Sancha —  Sancha, the youngest daughter of Raymond Bérenger, became, through the influence of her sister Alianora, the second wife of King Henry's brother, Richard, earl of Cornwall; and for a while the noble sisters, through the influence they possessed with their husbands, were able to rule England as they pleased. Sancha and her husband seems to have possessed the purely nominal titles of Queen and King of the Romands.

105 – Beatrice —  This Beatrice, the daughter of the one mentioned on page 87, married Charles of Anjou, who later became Charles I, King of Naples.

106 – Jephthah's Sacrifice —  Jephthah was a judge of Israel who sacrificed his only daughter to Jehovah. The store is told in Judges XI, 30-40.

112 – Cendal —  A fabric similar to taffeta used in medieval weaving.

112 – Sarcenet —  A kind of fine thin silk fabric used for linings.

112 – Brunet —  This is apparently the color of the material. It is, according to French dictionaries, brownish or dark.

What Helmas Directed

114 – Mélusine —  Mélusine, the heroine of the Lusignan legend, was one of the most famous fairies of France, and the noblest families were proud to claim descent from her. For imprisoning her father, Helmas, she was condemned by her mother to spend each Saturday in the form of a fish from the waist downward. While presiding over the fountain of which she was the fairy, she met and saved from great peril Raymond, Count de la Forêt. She consented to wed Raymond upon the condition that he should never visit her on Saturdays, and, after their wedding, she built around her fountain the castle of Lusignan. Here Mélusine and Raymond lived happily many years, becoming the parents of several sons, all of whom, however, were deformed. At last, though, Raymond was persuaded to spy upon his wife and, one Saturday, saw her in her bath, her lower extremities changed into the tail of a great fish or serpent. When he reproached her with this, she vanished from the castle; never to return save as a phantom to prophesy some woe to the race of Lusignan. Mr. Cabell has, of course, take liberties with this legend.

115 – Thick book —  The "thick book wherein was magic" was probably — somewhat anachronistically — Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, since all the information which Helmas furnished Manuel may be found in that volume under the word "queen".

115 – Cwen —  According to Webster this was Anglo-Saxon for "wife," "queen," or "woman."

115 – Morven —  This was once the name applied to all the northwest of Scotland. It means "a ridge of high hills" and was the realm of Fingal. Mr. Cabell has placed it within the boundaries of Poictesme.

115 – Vel-Tynos —  This is an anagram of "novelty." [See also page 230 of Notes on Jurgen.] According to Cabellian mythology, Vel-Tyno is one of the gods of Philistia and, with Sesphra and Ageus, forms the Trinity of the Shephelah, which is worshipped cheifly in that land.

116 – Moon-Children —  The Scandinavians, according to Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, tell the following story to explain the spots on the moon. "Mani, the moon, stole two children from their parents and carried them up to heaven. Their names were Hjuki and Bil. They were drawing water from the well Byrgir, in the bucket Soegr, suspended from the pole Simul, which they bore upon their shoulders. These children, pole, and bucket were placed in heaven 'where they could be seen on earth.'" It later becomes evident that this is the myth referred to.

116 – Invocation —  The words used by Manuel to call Freydis forth from the fire are those of an old invocation to Hecate, a moon goddess who possessed all the attributes of the ancient and medieval witches. The spell was uttered in a grove of laurel boughs, at the time of the full moon, over a small statue of the root of the wild rue annointed with a paste made of myrrh, storax, incense, and the crushed bodies of lizards. It would seem that Mr. Cabell has made some slight changes in the words of the invocation, but these do not in the least change its sense. Bombo, Gorgo, and Mormo occur in the original invocation and are obviously appellations of Hecate.

119 – Amneran — ? [See also page 12 of Notes on Jurgen.]

They Duel on Morven

121 – Tuyla — ?

123 – Spoorns —  Reginald Scot, in his Discovery of Witchcraft. (An excerpt from The Discovery of Witchcraft is posted by Hanover College Department of History; here is the Amazon listing. — DR) lists these in a collection of ghosts, goblins, spirits, "and such other Bugs" which are used to frighten children. The passage occurs in Book VII, XV., on page 122 of the 1886 edition.

123 – Calcars —  These are also in Scot's list of goblins.

123 – Sylens —  These are also mentioned by Scot, but are to be found elsewhere. The word, sylen, is thought to be a corruption of "Sylham lights," a name given to the ignes fatui on account of their frequent occurence near the town of Sylham in Suffolk. This word has been dropped from the Storisende edition to avoid confusion with Sylan.

[101] – Trows* —  A name given to the Scandinavian trolls by the inhabitants of the Shetland Islands. This word occurs only in the Storisende edition, taking the place of sylens in the other editions.

124 – Tonthecs — ?

124 – Spaks — ?

124 – "A penny, a penny" —  Or, in full: "A penny, a penny, two pence and a half, and a half penny." It was an Irish fairy charm or song and is a translation of "pighin, pighin, da pighin, pighin go leith, agus leith pighin."

124 – Bellegarde —  There are at present at least threee towns of this name in France.

131 – Mohammed's mare —  Al Borak, the Lightning, was the name of the mare upon which, legend says, Mohammed was mounted when he ascended to Heaven to learn the will of God. It is said to be one of the animals admitted to Paradise.

131 – Hrimfaxi —  Hrimfaxi, or Frost Mane, is the horse that draws the dark charior of the Scandinavian goddess Nott, or Night.It is thought that from his bit and long flowing mane the rime drops fall upon the earth.

131 – Balaam's ass —  This ass because of its powers of perception saved the life of its master and was granted the power of speech to remonstrate with him for beating it. Because of its service to its master it was, along with Mohammed's Mare, admitted into Paradise. The story of Balaam and his steed is in Numbers XXII, 21-24.

131 – Pegasus —  The winged horse which sprange from the blood of Medusa, when her head was struck off by Perseus. Bellerophon caught Pegasus with a golden bridle given him by Athena and used him to help in slaying the Chimera. Because the inspiring fountain of Hippocrene sprang from one of his foot prints, Pegasus is thought to be the steed of the Muses, and is often identified with poets.

133 – Gryphon —  This was a fabulous monster half eagle and half lion; a kind of griffin. The belief in these animals came from the East where they are mentioned among the monsters guarding the treasure of India.

Bandages for the Victor

136 – "Borram, borram," etc. —  In an Irish fairy tale, the word borram, repeated three times, is a charm used by a fairy to turn rushes into horses. In Irish fairy lore, the Leanhaun Shee is the Fairy Mistress, one of the dreadful solitary fairies. She seeks the love of mortals and those who love her become great poets, but they die young, for she lives upon the vitals of her victims. All the great Irish poets have been her lovers. Freydis has undoubtedly inherited some of the characteristics of the Leanhaun Shee.

137 – Bil and Hjuki —  These are the Moon-Children referred to on page 116. Baring-Gould thinks they are the originals of our Jack and Jill of the nursery rime.

137 – Byrgir —  The well from which the Moon-Children were drawing water when they were stolen by Mani, the Moon.

Freydis

144 – Alfs —  This is the name of the spirits which the Germans thought caused nightmares by sitting on the chests of the sleepers.

146 – Bogglebo —  A kind of spirit or goblin. The word is one of the forms of "bogy"; and is probably derived from the Slavonic word for god, which is "bog." The bogglebo is of Welsh origin and in its latest manifestation was "an ugly wide-mouthed picture carried about with May games."

145 – Tumble-bug —  [See also page 3 of Notes on Jurgen.]

144 –  — 

Magic of the Image-Makers

Manuel Chooses

The Head of Misery

The Month of Years