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The author refers to two kinds of classroom discussions. They are defined and explained here.
Open Discussion
Teacher calls on students who raise their hands to answer.
This approach is used where it is expected that only a few students may be able to answer. This might happen with an exploratory discussion, where it is expected that few students will have any knowledge or input. It avoids embarrassing the students for no fault of their own.
Directed Discussion
Teacher calls on individual students to provide answers, even if their hands are not up. Preferably the teacher uses a Student Participation Record sheet to determine who to call on next. This sheet assures students participate equally.
This approach is used when it is expected that the students SHOULD be able to answer, if they have been listening or doing the work. The reason for doing this is to motivate the students to pay attention, take notes, or to do the work, because they realize they may be called upon in class. It is an attempt to prevent students from trying to be invisible so they will NOT be called upon.
As of: 16 Jul '03
